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ISSN: 2574 -1241
ISSN: 2574 -1241
Received: June 04, 2024; Published: June 14, 2024
*Corresponding author: Robert W McGee, Fayetteville State University, USA
DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2024.57.008943
The purpose of this study was two-fold, first, to see what kind of information artificial intelligence could generate on a medical topic, and second, to generate useful medical information that could be of interest to both the public and the medical professional. Microsoft Copilot was used to create brief essays on tai chi, qigong and Chinese herbs and their use in attempting to reduce bad cholesterol. It was able to do so, and also cited numerous publications on the targeted topic. The research was supplemented by using the PubMed database to see what research had already been conducted on the use of tai chi, qigong and Chinese herbs on the reduction of cholesterol. The methodology employed in the present study can also be used in other studies, both medical and nonmedical, to generate useful information on a wide range of topics that can be read by both professionals and the general reader. However, care must be taken if one attempts to act on the information provided by artificial intelligence, since prior studies have found that the quality of information provided by AI bots can sometimes be incorrect or incomplete. AI can be used as a tool of medical and other research, but the human brain is still needed to check the accuracy of whatever information AI generates. Although AI can be very useful in the preliminary stages of a research project, it should not be the only source of information that is to be relied upon.
Keywords: Cholesterol; Herbs; Tai Chi; Qigong; Traditional Chinese Medicine; TCM; Artificial Intelligence; AI; Copilot
Artificial intelligence has been around for a long time. In recent years its tools have become more widely available to the public. Microsoft Copilot [1] is currently one of the more popular tools of AI that are easy enough to be used effectively by both scholars and amateurs. Because of its widespread use and the ease with which it can be utilized, I have decided to use it instead of any of the several other available chatbots to illustrate how it can be used in medical research. Scholars have started to incorporate the use of AI in their medical research [2-57], and the results have been quite promising, although one must beware of any results obtained using AI because chatbots have not yet been developed to the point where they can be totally relied upon to produce accurate, complete and truthful results [58-60]. An earlier version of ChatGPT was found to have created scholarly references out of thin air [61], and chatbots are not necessarily neutral. They have been known to engage in censorship or biases [62-71]. Thus, it is necessary for scholars to check the results of any chatbot-produced research for accuracy. However, their use can be very effective as a starting point for medical research, since using them can alert researchers to some studies they would not otherwise have known existed, and can even shift the focus of the research, as scholars become exposed to existing research on their topic as well as tangential research on related and closely connected topics. The present study focuses on how some tools of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) have been used to reduce cholesterol. The same methodology can be used to obtain relevant information about a wide range of other medical subjects.
Three of the tools in the toolbox of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are tai chi, qigong and Chinese herbs. Let’s see what Copilot has to say about them. We will start by giving Copilot simple instructions.
How old is tai chi?
Reply
Tai Chi, also known as Taijiquan, is a martial art that has a rich history dating back centuries. The exact age of Tai Chi is somewhat debated, but it is generally accepted that Tai Chi originated in China with roots that can be traced back to the 12th century [72]. It was developed by a Taoist monk named Zhang San Feng and has evolved over time, incorporating deep breathing, slow movements, and meditation into its practice [72]. The art form is deeply connected to Eastern philosophies and the concept of Taiji, which means “supreme ultimate,” reflecting the art’s encompassing nature of the universe and the dynamic balance of opposites [73]. Tai Chi’s development over the years has led to the creation of various styles, with most modern styles tracing their lineage to the five traditional schools: Chen, Yang, Wu (Hao), Wu, and Sun [74]. In 2020, Tai Chi was included in the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, highlighting its global significance and enduring cultural value [74]. This recognition underscores art’s longstanding tradition and its continued relevance in modern times. Tai Chi remains a popular practice worldwide, known for its health benefits and philosophical depth.
Author Comment
Copilot was able to provide a concise overview of the history of tai chi. It also provided references for readers who would like to obtain more information about the topic. It also gave one reference that it did not cite specifically [75]. All the references given were on point, which is not always the case. Copilot has been known to sometimes cite sources that are not on point. Thus, it is necessary for scholars to check the sources Copilot (and other chatbots) cites because the accurate rate is currently less than 100 percent.
How old is qigong?
Reply
Qigong, the Chinese practice of aligning breath, movement, and awareness for exercise, healing, and martial arts training, has a rich history that extends back more than 4,000 years. It is a complex accretion of various ancient Chinese practices with roots in traditional medicine, philosophy, and martial arts [76]. The earliest forms of qigong can be traced back to ancient shamanic meditative practices and gymnastic exercises. For example, archeological evidence, such as a nearly 7,000-year-old Neolithic vessel, depicts a priest-shaman in a posture indicative of early qigong practices [76]. Additionally, the physical exercise chart unearthed from the 2nd-century BC burial site at Mawangdui Han tombs in China shows daoyin exercises that bear resemblance to modern qigong forms [76]. Qigong’s development was also influenced by the three pillars of traditional Chinese society: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These philosophies deeply influenced the philosophy and practice of qigong, integrating concepts of qi training as methods of moral training and meditative cultivation [77]. Overall, while the documented history of qigong goes back approximately 2,500 years, references to qigong-like techniques have been found that date back at least 5,000 years [78]. This makes qigong one of the oldest systems of exercise and meditation known to humanity.
Author Comment
Again, Copilot was able to provide a brief history, which adequately informs readers of the basic origin of qigong. It also provided references (including links) so that those who are interested in learning more can easily do so. It provided one additional reference that was not cited in its brief essay [79].
How long have the Chinese been using herbs to treat diseases and other ailments?
Reply
Chinese herbal medicine has a history of about 2,200 years, although references to herbal remedies can be traced back even further. Let’s explore this fascinating journey:
1. Ancient Origins:
• The earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) from the 3rd century BCE [80]. This opus provided the theoretical concepts for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that remain the basis of its practice today.
• Shamanic Practices: Even before recorded history, ancient Chinese shamans practiced meditative techniques and used herbs for healing.
• Neolithic Evidence: Archeological findings, such as a nearly 7,000-year-old Neolithic vessel, depict a priest-shaman in a posture indicative of early qigong practices, which included herbal elements [81].
2. Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine:
• Emperor Shen Nong: Around 2700 BCE, Emperor Shen Nong, a legendary figure, is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs to understand their properties and effects. His work laid the foundation for herbal medicine.
• Classic Texts: The Classic of Changes (Yi Jing) and the Classic of Poetry (Shi Jing) contain some of the oldest medical writings on herbs, dating back to the early Zhou Dynasty or even earlier [82].
• Li Shizhen’s Compendium: In 1578, Li Shizhen published the famous Bencao gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica), listing 1,892 drugs and over 11,000 formal prescriptions for specific ailments. This comprehensive work remains influential in Chinese herbalism [81].
3. Principles of Chinese Herbal Medicine:
• Holistic Approach: Unlike Western medicine, which often focuses on symptoms or diseases, Chinese herbalists treat entire human beings, considering patterns of symptoms.
• Pattern Differentiation: Chinese herbal medicine emphasizes identifying a person’s unique collection of signs and symptoms. It doesn’t just treat diseases; it addresses patterns and patients.
• Qi and Meridians: TCM recognizes the body’s qi (life force) flowing through invisible meridians. Balancing this energy is crucial for health.
4. Diverse Forms of Chinese Herbal Therapy:
• Traditional Formulas: Herbalists use traditional formulas with strictly designated roles. Some herbs address the primary complaint, while others tackle secondary issues.
• Custom Formulas: Most herbal formulas are customized for each person based on their unique needs.
• Administration: Chinese herbal therapy can take the form of granules, capsules, teas, liquid extracts, or powders. In summary, Chinese herbal medicine has a rich history spanning thousands of years, blending ancient wisdom with modern practices to promote health and balance. Remember to consult a qualified practitioner before using any herbal remedies!
Author Comment
Again, Copilot has created an excellent summary aimed at the general reader. It also provided references for further reading.
Can tai chi or qigong exercises reduce cholesterol?
Reply
Yes, tai chi and qigong exercises can help reduce cholesterol levels. According to a study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, these forms of traditional Chinese exercises were found to help lower high blood pressure and high cholesterol in people with cardiovascular disease [83]. The study reviewed 35 studies including 2,249 participants and found that those who practiced tai chi, qigong, and baduanjin experienced reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as small but meaningful reductions in levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides [83]. Moreover, these exercises are gentle and can be adapted to various fitness levels, making them suitable for a wide range of individuals looking to improve their heart health [84,85]. While they may not significantly improve aerobic fitness levels, the combination of physical movement, mental focus, and breathing involved in tai chi and qigong offers a holistic approach to well-being that can contribute to cardiovascular health [83, 84]. It’s always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new exercise regimen, especially if you have existing health conditions.
Author Comments
The short essay was sufficient to give the reader a basic understanding of the subject. It cited 3 references [83-85] and provided two additional references [86,87]. I asked again, with a slightly different question. I wanted to see if Copilot would give a different or more detailed reply. It did.
Question
Do tai chi or qigong exercises reduce bad cholesterol?
Response
Certainly! Both tai chi and qigong have been associated with potential benefits for heart health, including the reduction of bad cholesterol (low-Density Lipoprotein or LDL). Let’s explore this further:
1. Tai Chi:
• Tai chi is a traditional Chinese mind-body exercise that combines slow, flowing movements with deep breathing and mental focus.
• Research suggests that tai chi may help lower cholesterol levels and dampen inflammation, both of which are linked to better heart health [88].
• While the evidence for cholesterol reduction is not as robust as for blood pressure improvement, tai chi remains a gentle and accessible form of exercise that can benefit overall cardiovascular health.
2. Qigong:
• Qigong is another ancient Chinese practice that involves specific postures, gentle movements, breathing techniques, and meditation.
• A study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association found that qigong, along with other traditional Chinese exercises, helped reduce high blood pressure and high cholesterol in people with cardiovascular disease [89].
• Participants in the Chinese exercise groups experienced significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (the top number) and diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number). Additionally, small but meaningful reductions occurred in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
• Qigong is a versatile practice that can be done while walking, standing, or even sitting, making it suitable for people at various fitness levels.
3. Baduanjin:
• Baduanjin, also known as the Eight Brocades, is another form of traditional Chinese exercise that combines movement, breathing, and mental focus.
• While not as well-studied as tai chi or qigong, baduanjin shares similar principles and may offer similar benefits for heart health. Remember that these exercises are gentle and low impact, making them suitable for people of different ages and fitness levels. If you’re interested in reaping their benefits, consider incorporating tai chi, qigong, or baduanjin into your routine. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new exercise program, especially if you have existing health conditions [89,90].
Author Comments
Copilot delivered another good summary. This time it cited three sources [88-90] and provided 4 additional references [91-94]. Chinese herbal medicines may also be used to reduce cholesterol. I was curious to see what Copilot would decide to select on this question, so I asked.
What Chinese herbal medicines have been shown to reduce cholesterol? Give citations.
Reply
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) includes a variety of herbs that have been studied for their potential to reduce cholesterol levels. Here are some of the herbs that have been mentioned in research:
1. He Shou Wu or Fo-Ti Root (Polygonum multiflorum): This herb is considered a primary essence tonic in TCM and has been suggested to have a lipid-lowering effect [95]1.
2. Citrus Bergamot: Research indicates that Citrus Bergamot may work similarly to statin drugs by inhibiting HMG-CoA, a precursor for cholesterol synthesis, and may reduce total cholesterol and LDL while increasing HDL [96]2.
3. Salvia Root (Dan Shen), Notoginseng Root (San Qi), and Astragalus (Huang Qi): These herbs are commonly prescribed in TCM for cholesterol support [97]3.
4. Red Yeast Rice (Monascus purpureus), Jue Ming Zi (Semen cassia), Shan Zha (Crataegi Fructus), Zi Xie (Rhizoma Alismatis), and Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhizae): These are among the herbs used for cholesterol reduction in TCM [98]4. It’s important to note that while these herbs are used in TCM and some studies suggest potential benefits, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, especially since they can interact with other medications and may not be suitable for everyone. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment.
Author Comment
Copilot provided a brief introduction to the topic and cited four sources [95-98]. It also listed one additional item for further reading [99]. I wanted to see if Copilot could provide some additional details, so I asked.
Can you provide more details about the studies?
Reply
Certainly! Here are more details about some of the studies on Chinese herbal medicines for reducing cholesterol:
1. Cochrane Review: A Cochrane review examined 22 randomized controlled trials involving 2130 participants to evaluate the effects of various Chinese herbal formulations for treating hypercholesterolemia. The review highlighted that some herbal medicines might have cholesterol-lowering effects, but the evidence should be interpreted with caution due to the high or unclear risk of bias in the included trials [100].
2. Therapeutic Potential: A study published in the journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research discussed the therapeutic potential of herbal medicine for managing hyperlipidemia. It emphasized the importance of medicinal plants and their active phytoconstituents in regulating blood lipid levels and suggested that Chinese herbal medicine and combination therapy could be promising for lowering hyperlipidemia [101].
3. Effects and Safety: Research published by Hindawi indicated that Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) interventions, compared to placebo, reduced triglyceride levels and increased HDL cholesterol over a median of 12 weeks. The findings from meta-analyses showed a significant effect of CHM on blood lipid profiles [102].
4. Progress and Perspective: Another study from Hindawi categorized Chinese herbs based on their effects on hyperlipidemia. Herbs were classified into categories such as clearing heat and removing toxicity, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, eliminating dampness and phlegm, and tonifying the energy of the body. The study provided a comprehensive list of herbs and their potential effects on lipid profiles [103]. These studies collectively suggest that Chinese herbal medicines have potential in managing cholesterol levels, but further research is needed to fully understand their efficacy and safety. It’s also important to consult with healthcare professionals before using any herbal remedies, especially if you’re taking other medications.
Author Comment
Copilot provided more detail as well as four citations. Next, I wanted to ask if the herbs produced any side effects.
Are there any side effects of these herbs?
Reply
Common side effects associated with Chinese herbal medicines can vary depending on the specific herb and the individual’s response to it. However, some general side effects that have been reported include:
• Digestive Issues: Some individuals may experience nausea, diarrhea, or constipation after taking certain Chinese herbs [104].
• Allergic Reactions: Herbs can cause skin reactions, rashes, or more severe allergic responses such as trouble breathing [105].
• Headache and Dizziness: These are common side effects that may occur with a variety of herbal supplements [105].
• Heart-Related Issues: Certain herbs may cause heart palpitations or arrhythmias [106].
• Interactions with Medications: Some herbs can interact with prescription drugs, potentially leading to increased side effects or decreased effectiveness of the medications [106]. It’s important to note that while these side effects are possible, they may not occur in everyone and can depend on dosage and individual health conditions. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new herbal treatment, especially if you are currently taking other medications or have underlying health conditions. They can provide guidance tailored to your specific situation and help monitor for any adverse effects.
Author Comment
Copilot provided additional information as well as three citations [104-106] and one additional reference [107]. Next, I wanted to learn whether there are any herbs that are generally safe for cholesterol management.
Are there any herbs that are generally safe for cholesterol management?
Reply
When considering the safety of Chinese herbs for cholesterol management, it’s important to understand that “generally safe” can vary from person to person based on individual health conditions, potential allergies, and interactions with other medications. However, some herbs are commonly used and are considered to have a lower risk of side effects when used appropriately:
1. Hawthorn Berry (Shan Zha): Often used to support heart health and may help manage cholesterol levels with minimal side effects [108].
2. Red Yeast Rice (Monascus Purpureus): Contains compounds like statin medications and is frequently used for cholesterol management, but it should be used under supervision due to potential liver enzyme elevation [109].
3. Plant Sterols and Stanols: While not a traditional Chinese herb, these substances are found in many plants and can help lower cholesterol levels. They are often added to foods and are available as supplements [110]. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any herbal regimen, especially for managing cholesterol, to ensure that it’s appropriate for your specific health needs and doesn’t interfere with any medications you may be taking. They can also provide guidance on proper dosages and forms of the herbs to use. Remember, what is safe for one person may not be safe for another, so personalized medical advice is always the best course of action.
Author Comment
The copilot was able to provide an answer. It also gave four citations [107-110] and two additional references [111-112]. Copilot provided many articles and a few videos that were of general interest and written in a style that a nonprofessional could easily understand. It also cited a few medical studies that were aimed at professionals. I wanted to see if I could find additional medical studies that were written in a more professional style and that were aimed at professionals, so I went to the PubMed database [113] and conducted a search for studies that included both cholesterol and tai chi in either the title or abstract. I found several such studies, a sampling of which are listed in the reference section [114-129]. Medical professionals who want to find medical studies on cholesterol that have involved qigong or Chinese herbal medicine can conduct similar searches.
The study was successful, in that it accomplished its mission. The goal was to see whether Microsoft Copilot was able to generate information that would be useful to both the general reader and medical professionals on the topic of cholesterol and how tai chi, qigong and Chinese herbs may be used to reduce it. The methodology employed in the present study can also be used in other studies, both medical and nonmedical, to generate useful information on a wide range of topics that can be read by both professionals and the general reader. However, care must be taken if one attempts to act on the information provided by artificial intelligence, since prior studies have found that the quality of information provided by AI bots can sometimes be incorrect or incomplete. AI can be used as a tool of medical and other research, but the human brain is still needed to check the accuracy of whatever information AI generates. Although AI can be very useful in the preliminary stages of a research project, it should not be the only source of information that is to be relied upon.
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