Groundwater and Anthropic Activities: A Qualitative Study on Treatment Techniques Volume 55- Issue 2

Marcos Fernandes de Oliveira^1*, Bruno de Oliveira Costa Couto², Aristeu Gomes Tininis², Rebeca Martins da Silva Fernandes de Oliveira³ and Raquel Martins da Silva Fernandes de Oliveira³

• ¹Master’s student in Applied Engineering and Sustainability, Brazil
• ²Professor, researcher, advisor -IFGoiano-PPGEAS, Brazil
• ³Master’s student in Bioenergy and Grain Production-IFGoiano-PPBGPG, Master’s student in Food Science and Technology- UFG-PPGCTA, Brazil

Received: February 08, 2024; Published: February 27, 2024

*Corresponding author: Marcos Fernandes de Oliveira, Master’s student in Applied Engineering and Sustainability - IFGoiano-PPGEAS, Brazil

DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2024.55.008681

Abstract PDF

The hydrological water cycle comprises constant water movements, which have great influence on the maintenance of vital natural activities. Groundwater in particular constitutes a portion of aquifers, which are considered mobile reservoirs used mainly as a source of supply and human consumption. However, external influences have become largely responsible for the unbalance of the ecosystem, linked to the unbridled human consumption of finite natural resources and the consequent discharge of waste into the receiving bodies without the necessary treatment. The geological water cycle is interrupted when forests are cut down, springs and rivers are extinguished, and together with this, finally, the lack of basic sanitation alters the ecosystem, causing changes of great relevance to the world’s population. Groundwater has suffered relevant impacts due to the loss of biodiversity of ecosystems, such as contamination, overuse, lack of current regulatory legislation for use, and the improvement of decontamination techniques. The analysis of the following activities is necessary, mainly due to the anthropic punctual impacts to the ecosystem, corroborating the need for satisfactory techniques. It is noticeable the need for extreme attention to the waste runoff via sanitary sewage to places that have treatment, but the same is not very efficient in retaining this liability, since some developing countries that have not reached about 90% treatment of sanitary sewage, demonstrating the lack of such activities. Thus, the objective of this study is to verify, by means of exploratory and bibliographic research in research bases, the measures that protect the water. Technological measures and sustainable management tools for this purpose will be reviewed, as well as the evolution of groundwater treatment techniques.

Keywords: Groundwater; Exploitation; Decontamination; Ecosystem; Biodiversity

Abbreviations: GRPS: Global Risks Perception Survey; NBS: Nature Based Solutions; O-MnOx: Ordered Mesoporous Manganese Oxide; CAHs: Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons; TCE: Trichloroethylene; PCE: Perchloroethylene; ZVI: Zero Valent Iron

The role played by water is crucial to the maintenance of various organisms, and relevant because it is a continuous cycle in the maintenance of life on the planet. It is through its hydrogeological cycle that each unicellular or pluricellular individual receives and absorbs nutrients crucial to existence. Starting from the scientific data that only 2.5% of the planet's water is available in the form of fresh water (SILVA, et al. [1]). Of these, 29.9% are concentrated in groundwater, with Brazil holding 13% of this volume (CARDOSO [2]), and that although groundwater in the country totals 112,000 km3 (BORGES, et al. [3]), the lack of proper management of this resource, can cause not future but immediate disruption to the ecosystem as a whole (CARNEIRO, et al. [4]). At each moment the geological water cycle has been compromised (CARNEIRO, et al. [4]), when forests are cut down, springs and rivers are extinguished, infiltration waters are reduced due to less and less space in the planning of cities for this purpose, and finally the lack of basic sanitation and treated water to a large part of the world population, i.e., anthropic activities altering the ecosystem, causing changes of great relevance to the world population.

Groundwater, which a priori became a palliative measure to supply cities, agricultural production lines or in series, but which became a form of confrontation to a water crisis that has increased year after year, and which, due to this use, has suffered the relevant impacts by the loss of biodiversity of ecosystems, such as contamination, overuse, lack of current regulatory legislation for use, improvement of decontamination techniques. In view of the above, the objective of this study is to verify, by means of exploratory and bibliographical research, the search for key words: underground water, more impacts, more techniques and treatment tools, in the Scopus, Periódicos Capes, PubMed, Scielo, BMC and Elsevier databases, with a view to listing measures to protect this resource, water, which is so essential for the maintenance of life. Technological measures and sustainable management tools for this purpose will be reviewed, as well as the evolution of groundwater treatment techniques.

A global search on groundwater plus impacts and contamination, added to tools for managing water resources and updated remediation techniques for this resource was conducted in a qualitative and exploratory manner in Scielo, Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, Periódicos Capes, and BMC journals, delimited by the period 2015 to 2022, where 500 studies were found that were filtered again by type of publication, scientific articles, and duplicate papers using the Rayyan support tool, where 150 papers were discarded. Applying a new filter of publications within the area of environmental sciences another 150 papers were discarded, which again using the Rayyan support tool were read and discarded seventy (70) studies for only containing the words but not being specific, thirty (30) for not showing positive results. Flowchart 1 below will demonstrate these steps, and Table 1 in the Remediation Techniques section will show the techniques found and most applied lately for this purpose (Figure 1).

Table 1: Most commonly used techniques in decontamination.

Note: Source: Adapted by authors

Figure 1

Theoretical Reference

WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, et al. [5], climate change to which no one is immune, nor can the world vaccinate itself against it is ongoing and catastrophic: the "failure of climate action" is the most impactful (GUNJAL, et al. [6]), and second most likely long-term risk identified in the Global Risks Perception Survey (GRPS). Billions of people around the world are at greater risk of missing future economic opportunities, and the benefits of a resilient global community. According to GRPS, "livelihood crises" will be a critical threat over the next two years, and their impact is likely to continue through the decade. (WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, et al. [5]). The paradigm of the need for the maintenance of biodiversity and the search for socio-economic and cultural sustainability is then created (SENAL, et al. [7]), for the "simple act" of continuing life, and the role of research and development is crucial at this time. Although biodiversity and sustainability are notable terms, their axiomatic concepts (LEÃO, [8]), converge to a common and integrative goal (MAIA [9]). In a recent study PRETI, et al. [10], relate and demonstrate the efficiency of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) and soil bioenergy (BES) as management tools or "naturalistic engineering" as the authors themselves cite, in the remediation, maintenance and prevention of biodiversity loss that has so much influenced climate change.

According to researchers, the (NBSs) are a form of discontinuity of anthropic influences on the environment, and can ensure a sustainable growth (TERTIS, et al. [11]). It is necessary to present the relationship that in a harmonious way should exist between surface waters extremely relevant to the maintenance of biodiversity in all its aspects, mainly in the hydrological cycle of water, and groundwater that also play this important role in the said cycle. This source of surface water replenishment has suffered interference from anthropic activities.

Anthropic Impacts on Subterranean Waters

It is impossible to analyse the unbalance of the ecosystem without adding to it the anthropic impacts caused by man in the search for his constant needs, whether these are salutary to his sustenance or not. And here arises a significant term, the Anthropocene. As HAMILTON [12] describes, the Anthropocene is a rupture between man and nature due to actions in two strands, those able to interfere with the ecological balance of the planet, and those that disturb the system. These disturbances can be punctual or gradual and staggered. When thinking about point anthropic impacts (ALKAN, et al. [13]) to the ecosystem and in the case of groundwater, a supply well used for agricultural production or for a manufacturing unit at 150 mts, 180 mts or greater depths, has a capacity not only local but also regional to affect the ecosystem as a whole, because all the capillarity of small sheets that supply this well, also impact on supply of rivers near the place where the point of collection of this water is installed. According to ELIAS [14], the study Anthropocene is a current proposal although not so young, the author through paleoclimatological studies has observed the physical and biological global response to this phenomenon, drawing attention to the concentrations of CO2 and its direct implications to life. It is a fact that, mainly due to the unrestrained growth of industrial activities, the interference of waste generated and disposed of in environmental spaces is huge.

A relevant issue raised by MANÇANO, et al. [15], when they address in their study the excessive use of antibiotics used constantly in the production of animal protein, as by humans through self-medication and the implications of this waste in the micro cellular biochemical structure present in wastewater. The authors draw attention to the residue drained via sanitary sewage in locations that have treatment, but which is not very efficient in retaining this liability, as in places such as developing countries that have not reached 100% treatment of sanitary sewage. Extreme environments according to DUSSAUZE, et al. [16], in their study directed to points of oil exploration, suffer the action of chemical dispersants that interfere greatly in the marine ecosystem. Gradual or staggered impacts can be observed through the change in the rainfall index of a region, or the development without proper planning of an urban area, where the lack of a master plan for constructions, geomorphological risk, erosions (PONTE, et al. [17]). Study, map and define these factors is crucial for decision making. They cite MANCINI, et al. [18], in their study in Italy, direct implications as the above on groundwater quality, through four different statistical methodologies where change points, trends, percentile and non-standard anomalies were evaluated to detect inter-annual variations in rainfall amplitude in the region.

With four defined objectives to compare statistical methods in rainfall assessment, identify the relationship between evapotranspiration and infiltration, the temporal variation of the rainfall index and describe critical situations of depletion. According to the authors report, anthropic impacts and climate change are amplified due to the extrapolation of groundwater use, and the loss of natural vegetation cover directly influences the infiltration volume and replenishment of groundwater springs. Study in Nigeria conducted by ETUK, et al. [19], corroborates the discussion raised so far, the researchers analysed Depth to water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity (Depth to water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic Conductivity-DRASTIC). Identifying nitrate values (HUNOOR, et al. [20,21]) higher than allowed even in the saturated zone, and the reasons that are already well known among them, the region had a population increase in the order of 400% in the period between 200 and 2020.

The researchers warn about the constant pressure exerted by food production, which consumes 73% of the fresh groundwater in rural areas and 43% in urban areas of the planet, and the direct effects of this extreme use could very soon compromise the recharge zones of aquifers. They propose HUTSON, et al. [22], in their study, the adoption of a healthy urban planning that can absorb the needs of citizens and regional socioeconomic growth in such a way that both sides of coexistence can be met in their longings. Increasing the spectrum of discussion, the study by ASADZADEH, et al. [23], shows us an issue of paramount importance analysed in their work through remote sensing of the levels of hydrocarbons found in the state of Bahia and in other locations. The objective was the verification of macro and micro infiltration into the soil of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, frequent contaminants in groundwater of difficult removal. The relevance of this study is in the origin and form of contamination of aquifers (SOUSA, et al. [24]), not in a traditional way by the hydrological cycle of water, but by the formation of units "macroseps" that allow the infiltration of gas forming a plume of contamination, of clay, carbonate precipitation, sulfides and other contaminants.

The researchers report in the study that after collecting samples and analysing the spectrum, there was an elongation of the side carbon chains and an overlap of the π and δ bonds of the compounds found, as well as a resonance in these compounds, which means the even greater need for energy to be offered for decontamination of this affected sector. It is observed then, that anthropic impacts are felt by the ecosystem (SILVA GOMES, et al. [25]), from the terrestrial atmosphere to the deepest oceanic point, with direct implications on the ecosystem, biodiversity, causing substantial chemical, physical, biological and microbiological changes (LEÃO [8]), groundwater (BASTOS, et al. [26]), in the remediation of impacts by necrochorume (OLIVEIRA [9]), in mining activity (CRISTINA, et al. [27]), as well as in soil permeability increasing the infiltration area and groundwater recharge (AURÉLIO, et al. [28]).

In their study PROPAGADORA ESDEVA, et al. [29], show us the crucial importance of the water renewal cycle, reporting the relevance of evapotranspiration in this process and the liabilities generated by anthropic activities for the maintenance of the water renewal cycle. Although, from a simple observation point of view, surface waters, rivers, lakes, oceans and polar continents - Arctic and Antarctic - are observed, it is also necessary to know the substantial index of subterranean and freshwater suitable for consumption that exist throughout the planet, which are natural repositories of surface waters that we observe (VENTAPANE, et al. [30]). These underground complexes are the result of hydro geological formations dating back to the periods: Jurassic, Cretaceous, Cenozoic - Quaternary, Tertiary Quaternary (SANTOS, et al. [31]); and are hydro geological formations capturing surface water of varying depth, and can reach up to 180 meters deep (HARMON, et al. [32]). The authors also show us that these percolating surface waters are influenced by the lithography of the region and drag along the lower levels the contamination or chemical composition existing on the way to their destination.

Preliminarily characterized by (CONAMA [33]), where the waters were also classified into 5 different types according to their quality and degree of potability, with support in Law 9.433 of 1997 that establishes the criteria for use and consumption, criteria that were improved later by Resolution 153 of the Ministry of Environment (BRASIL [34]), which at this time already notes beyond the standards of potability, the need for controlled use, monitoring and decontamination of this resource and establishes deadlines for investigation, bodies responsible for this supervision and monitoring, only leaving open the methodologies to be used for such. It is worth noting that the type of soil, its coverage, the type of native vegetation (YU, et al. [35]), its grain size and porosity, the form of use has fundamental importance in the characteristic and quality of groundwater, because the soil, a natural structure, complex and composed in its formation by phases: solid, liquid and gaseous (VILA, et al. [36]). With a specific and varied granulometry, a chemical composition formed in the biogeochemical process where there are parts of the "Mother" rock of origin, but also has characteristics and materials coming from processes of decomposition of a diversity of sources such as fruit, dead animals (SANTHIYASRI, et al. [37,38]), microorganisms, small animals that are responsible for assisting in the chemical and biological synthesis so necessary for its exploitation and use as a source of energy and food.

Classified as: Latosol, Lithosol, regosol, hydromorphic, podzolic and podzozalid, where these classifications are directly linked to pH (NAYEEM, et al. [39]), and the quantities of macro and micro minerals in its composition. Added to anthropic activities create an environment of risk to the quality and potability of groundwater. (EMBRAPA SOLOS 2013). Regions with vegetation cover provide the interception process of this recharge from rainfall (FU, et al. [40]), retaining part of the water volume for maintenance of seedling structures and soil microbiota. Without the protection of remains of leaves, fruits, stems and small animals in decomposition, the infiltration process is faster and is conditioned to the characteristics of the type of soil, its granulometry and absorption capacity. The researchers BRITTO, et al. [41], draw attention in their study on the influence of demographic expansion of cities and the lack of planning for this, as well as its inherent impacts on the hydrological cycle of water, the decrease in recycling capacity of water held through infiltration points for supply of groundwater and groundwater. This natural decomposition cited by (VILA, et al. [36]) in itself already produces a substantial contaminant load to groundwater, although the growth of cities, the increase in cultivated areas and the lack of an effective land use policy are increasingly affecting the quality and potability of these geological water catchment formations.

Groundwater Remediation and Treatment Techniques

Table 1 below demonstrates the most relevant and reproducible techniques used and found in the literature. In their review LIU, et al. [42-44], show the efficiency of some techniques most used in the remediation of groundwater contamination by nitrates and halogen compounds linked (CASTRO SANTOS, et al. [45]), to carbonic chains, reporting their difficulty of removal by the formation of secondary compounds (TIWARI, et al. [46]), or even by the residual effect generated to the water repositories, these researches show that the rate of use of this resource has increased a lot and that complementary studies and improvement of the techniques and the set of them for decontamination of this reserve are necessary. As shown by. HYPOLITO, et al. [47], when they demonstrate the use of the technique of electrochemical remediation (ZHOU, et al. [48]), for treatment of ions dispersed in contaminated soils and with the possibility of contamination of aquifers. As reported by the authors themselves, the technique is satisfactory although its coverage in depth is low due to the electrodes that are inserted into the soil and receive electrical charges at opposite poles aiming at the decontamination of this area. The researchers affirm TEDESCO, et al. [49], that the vulnerability of these aquifer areas is closely linked to environmental contaminants (YAN, et al. [50]), the use of the soil, whether agricultural or in urban centres by industries and by the discharge of wastewater without proper treatment, increasing the vulnerability of aquifers and showing the latent need for refined techniques of decontamination of this source of surface water replenishment.

What is also corroborated by SILVA, et al. [31], in their study of monitoring the vulnerability of the Araripe sedimentary basin in northeastern Brazil, the authors also report the volume of groundwater collected annually of 17.5 km3 of water in tubular wells and that the quality of this water needs monitoring and adequate treatment for consumption. Even though the country still needs more dissemination in research and development for monitoring and treatment of this resource (CHEN, et al. [51]). The use of this resource as TUNDISI, et al. [52], which is noted in the Brazilian reality are monitoring studies (COOPERMAN, et al. [53]), where the quality and potability are evaluated along with the vulnerability of the groundwater resource (LI, et al. [54]) and few experiments related to the treatment of this resource or improvement of techniques for this purpose as has been noted in studies already published. In Brazil as reported by RIBAS, et al. [55], in their recent study that, although with the national water resources policy and the national basic sanitation plan already in full operation, both the number of municipalities covered by basic sanitation is low and the lack of technology meet the needs of treatment of wastewater that percolates to the subsoil is still slow and with little research and development in the sector, with the major impulses coming from public research entities and still low in number as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

In their review BAO, et al. [56], report the use of a set of techniques added to ionizing radiation for the treatment of recalcitrant organic compounds, which are difficult to degrade, hydrophobic and bioaccumulative (KUMAR, et al. [57,58]), with high chemical and photochemical stability and low biodegradability rate. They are polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, dieldrin, dioxins and phthalate esters. Advanced oxidation processes, electrochemical oxidation, ozonation, combined with ionizing radiation at low frequencies have produced satisfactory results for aquifer decontamination. (BAO, et al. [59]). Although promising, this process brings direct and indirect effects, the direct effects are the ionization of the target compound, and indirectly the radiolysis of the solvent merges with the target compounds (KANG, et al. [60,61]), to form a chemical transformation. A pertinent discussion about atoms and molecules is regarding the construction of their electric charges of electrons and their nuclei. It is important to know the amounts of energy resulting from the electrostatic interactions of these charges in the dosages of this type of treatment. (PACCHECO, et al. [62]). As shown by BERTAGI, et al. [63], in their study on the application of persulfate as a technique for remediation of contaminated groundwater the chemical interactions resulting from the process are important and depending on the type of soil, the geological formation of the subsoil interfere directly in the remediation process, as the authors show in the equation forming the superoxide ion.

A discussion is pertinent with the application of persulfate in ions of the first transition row elements, as the energy offered by the process that provides the emission of the photon from the molecular orbitals dx² dz² and dy², Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn allow this homogeneous activation. Another technique is shown by WANG, et al. [64], when they use ordered mesoporous manganese oxide (O-MnOx) and sodium persulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 8) in the removal of tetracycline from groundwater in static and dynamic environments. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE), which are widely used as organic solvents in industry, have become a source of groundwater pollution. In their study, YUAN, et al. [65], report on the use of zero valence iron coupled to autotrophic hydrogen batteries as precursors in the removal and degradation of these compounds. The authors demonstrate in their study a good efficiency in a period of 20 days with chlorine removal percentage reaching 75% and 100% in 60 days, although the dechlorination has been incomplete, which can generate a secondary contamination and therefore further studies are needed for deepening. Working with hexavalent chromium removal in groundwater HAN, et al. [66], report how micron zero valent iron stabilized (SCHERER, et al. [67]) with xanthan gum has been promising in the removal by electron transfer of chromium in groundwater contaminated by this highly toxic metal (Figure 3).

Figure 3

The authors describe that in a direct comparison of zero-valent micron iron with nanovalent iron, which is widely used in groundwater metal removal, the cost of micron iron is about one hundred times lower, with a higher efficiency rate although the particle size is larger which results in low suspension stability and underground transportability. Nano particles have been increasingly used in in situ bioremediation or oxidation processes in groundwater (PANDEY, et al. [68]), the costs are lower although several doubts still remain about the side effects (TIAN, et al. [69]), the addition of microorganisms (IKHLAYEL [70]), (KATARIA, et al. [71,72]) can increase the number of pathogens in aquifers, the backscatter that can occur by the adsorption of sand grains (MOFRADNIA, et al. [73]), another difficulty encountered in in situ treatments are the tailings that can form the plum effect thus increasing the contamination plume.

 Electrocoagulation, capacitative deionization, electro dialysis, Nano filtration, are electrochemical methods to separate ions (MOUSSA, et al. [74]) by placing them on an oppositely charged electrode by a process of chemical separation and reduction. The technology works on the principle of electro adsorption of ions on the surface of electrically charged electrodes, usually made of porous carbon materials. It has a low cost, although it requires post treatment, has a high energy consumption and the possibility of forming secondary compounds. In this same line of treatment the chemical reduction of the contaminant, a chemical and biological process, which depending on the strength of the electron donor of the probe molecule and the acidity of the hydroxyl group, there is interaction by hydrogen bonding or proton transfer to the probe molecule. In the chemical reduction process, zero valent iron (ZVI) is used as the main electron donor studied reduce nitrate to N 2 through redox chemical transformation (XIN, et al. [75]). (LIU, et al. [38,76]). Another procedure is Biological Denitrification, which is based on the removal of nitrates by bacteria, (LIU [76]) and (ZHANG, et al. [77]), studied this biological process, because, denitrification and nitrifying denitrification are biological pathways that are closely linked by the production of nitrosamines in soils and sediments.

Still in this segment of biological studies,, show us the techniques of Permeable reactive barriers, biofilm-electrode reactor; membrane bioreactor (BENEKOS, et al. [78-80]), in the reduction of nitrates and nitrosamines, a chemical and biological process, through the use of biofilms and biomass coupled to electrodes for nitrate removal, a very sustainable process , and that according to the authors, until its publication had not been found results that disabuse its use. Advanced Oxidation Processes; synolysis; thermolysis; oxidation and reduction; photocatalysis, are thermochemical processes, used in the removal of perfluoroalkyl from underground waters. POAs are used similarly to other drinking water treatment processes such as membranes, granular activated carbon, air removal and biological degradation. Thus (LIU, et al. [42,81-83]), show us these processes in the removal of perfluoroalkyl (PFAS), and (KOZLOVA, et al. [42,84,85]), complex substances of high rate of contamination to groundwater, and although they have a high degree of efficiency, in the proportion of 95%, have in their disadvantage a high energy consumption for effectuation.

Processes of separation and reduction of ions, biological, chemical - biological, and thermochemical demonstrate according to the authors researched specific efficiency in the remediation of contaminants, although its passive formation of ammonia (chemical reduction of contaminant), low reduction of metals (denitrification), the need for post treatment (Electrochemical), the advanced oxidative processes (thermochemical), show a high efficiency of perfluoroalkyl removal, although in all the processes mentioned there is a high energy consumption for execution and formation of secondary compounds, which, depending on the treatment technique implemented by the drinking water utility, will not be removed from the composition of the water offered. The Fluorimetry technique, on the other hand, has a high detection and elimination rate of Selenium, arsenic, organochlorine, organophosphorus, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and nitrile acetate, highly toxic, carcinogenic compounds with a high impact on the environment. However, the cost of the execution of this technique is high, thus imposing barriers to its implementation in underdeveloped or developing countries, where these compounds are found in wastewater due to the widespread use of pesticides.

The combination of techniques may be an effective alternative for groundwater resource protection, combined with stricter legislation on groundwater use, and complemented by implementation of "naturalistic techniques" for soil protection (AJALA, et al. [71,86,87]). Regions with vegetation cover propitiate the interception process of this recharge from rainfall, retaining part of the water volume for maintenance of seedling structures and soil microbiota (MARGRET, et al. [39,72]). Without the protection of remains of leaves, fruits, stems and small animals in decomposition, the infiltration process is faster and is conditioned to the characteristics of the soil type, its granulometry and absorption capacity. The researchers BRITTO, et al. [41], draw attention in their study on the influence of demographic expansion of cities and the lack of planning for this, as well as its inherent impacts on the hydrological cycle of water, the decrease in recycling capacity of water held through infiltration points for the supply of groundwater and groundwater. These points are set out in Resolution 153 of 17 December 2013, established by the Ministry of the Environment through the National Water Resources Council, which establishes guidelines for artificial recharge of aquifers in the Brazilian territory.

The knowledge of rock architecture as cited (RAN, et al. [88]), as well as the study of the relationship between biomarkers for leachate percolation (KODA, et al. [89]), the interactions occurring between sediment-vegetation-infiltration (BEBINA, et al. [90]), are supports for the need for in-depth knowledge of the characteristic and contaminant of the groundwater resource. Another relevant correlation shows us VOLCHEK, et al. [91-97], in his study on the environmental flow of rivers, the protection of ichthyofauna, in the water regulation of biocineses. because as the authors show, the relationship between the environmental flow of a river focuses on rainwater and replacement groundwater to maintain the water flow. In this study carried out globally, aiming at the knowledge of techniques and tools for water management, it was realized that:

a) There are inflection points among much of the techniques found, such as high energy use, implementation cost, selectivity, specificity;

b) There are implementation costs that, for developing countries, become difficult to implement, although necessary because of the high index of contaminants coming from mining, vegetable and animal protein production;

c) It is necessary to adopt norms of Exploration of the resource that is subterranean water, as well as an adequacy to the analytical methods of treatment to minimize contaminants;

d) More complementary studies are necessary so that the techniques can be used more satisfactorily.

Because it is a broad review where the remediation and treatment techniques were listed, it is necessary to complementary study for the techniques found, its immediate and lateral implication in the ecosystem and its impact on biodiversity.

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