Abstract
Recent research showed that the disengagement of a child and family from an inpatient
rehabilitation program to the home environment, can lead to a deterioration of the
achieved improvements over time. In order to fathom why this occurs this study focused
on the challenges parents face once their child returns home from an inpatient Functional
Intensive Therapy program. A qualitative study was conducted (semi-structured indepth
interviews) with parent couples (n=16) who’s child participated in an intensive
inpatient rehabilitation program. The data collected from the interviews were analyzed
with directed content analysis.
The parents articulated challenges and needs once their child returned home:
1) Restricted knowledge about the child’s disability,
2) Coping with stress,
3) Empowering behavior regarding independent capabilities and
4) Parent roles and interactions between parents.
Out of these challenges and needs several possibilities emerged for this functional
intensive inpatient program that could prevent relapses in the long term: provide psychoeducation
on disability from physical, cognitive and social emotional perspective, and
increase capacities of parents to deal with stress or unburden parents by outsourcing
stressful tasks, guide parents with emotional challenges and feelings of loss regarding
the possibilities of their disabled child, help parents identify their pedagogic values and
finally adapt one unified approach for more clarity for the child.
Keywords: Inpatient Functional Intensive Rehabilitation; Transition Care; Adolescent; Family-Oriented Rehabilitation
Introduction
Reaching the highest form of independency and increasing
independent capabilities is the most important goal regarding
the rehabilitation of children with physical disabilities. This is
important because it affects the quality of life of children with
a disability [1]. To reach this independency potential, a short
intensive rehabilitation program seems to be more beneficial and effective compared to the regular long term care [1-3]. Evidence
shows that significant short term results can be achieved, due to
high intensive therapy [3,4]. For example: gross motor abilities,
walking endurance, and upper-extremity abilities improved and
remained improved after three months follow-up. Short intensive
therapy is often provided during inpatient rehabilitation programs.
‘FITcare4U’ is an example of an functional intensive inpatient
rehabilitation program and will be used for this research. FIT
stands for ‘Functional Intensive Therapy. FITcare4U is based on the
principles of the Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including
Lower Extremities (HABIT-ILE) in Cerebral Palsy and translated to
the Dutch rehabilitation situation for adolescents with all kind of
motor disabilities and focus on mobility and self-care [4].
The main goal of FITcare4U is to empower adolescents with a
disability in a very intensive and short treatment period, to reach
their maximum potential concerning independency in a more
effective manner [4]. Whether the main goal of an inpatient program
is physical or mental improvement, positive short term effects are
found in several studies. For example, when comparing inpatient
rehabilitation programs with inpatient programs in which the
population consists of adolescents with diagnosis in the psychiatry
spectrum, recent research also shows positive short term(within 2
months) effects (aged 13 -18 years) [5]. In addition, a short intensive
program for adolescents with a wide array of mental health
diagnosis by Hepper and colleagues (2005) also showed benefits
in the development of coping strategies, sense of own agency and
positive experiences in containment in a controlled environment
[6]. Even though the effects in these short intensive programs are
positive, recent research shows that achieved improvements may
deteriorate over a longer time period especially when returning to
the same environment as before the intervention [7,8].
It seems that once children/adolescents return home, the risk
exists that it is difficult for them to continue the newly acquired
knowledge and skills. This could have implications in terms of
their subsequent development , for example their self-esteem and
self-image [9]. It is possible that the high level of support during
inpatient programs make the transition back home challenging,
given that the same resources: time, pedagogic knowledge and
therapeutic understanding are not typically available in the home
environment [5]. It seems that parents are not fully equipped to
facilitate and empower the children with regards to their new skills
and possibilities. It also seems that the inpatient programs focus
primarily on the adolescent in their treatment while opportunities
arise regarding a systemic cognitive guidance program for parents.
To adapt to the newly learned skills in the home environment, a
healthy family stress level is needed, in order to have enough space
mentally to react adequately as parents [10].
This stress is the accumulation of aspects in several domains,
for example: care tasks, work, social life, family matters. To our
knowledge, it is still unknown what the perspective of parents is
with regard to the experienced stress once adolescents return home
following discharge and how many support parents receive. The
purpose of this study was first to explore the parents’ perspective
on challenges and needs when their child returns home after an
inpatient rehabilitation program. Second to gain insight in the
needs of parents to maintain the positive results of the program
in the long term. Understanding these challenges and needs is a
vital step in the guidance of families during and after an inpatient
rehabilitation program, which may lead to less deterioration of the
learned skills over time.
Materials and Methods
Study Design
Semi structured interviews were performed to explore the challenges and needs of parents, regarding their child’s transition from FitCare4U inpatient program to home, in a subjective nonquantifiable way [11].
Setting and Participants
Parents of adolescents who participated in the inpatient program FitCare4U at Adelante rehabilitation centre were asked for consent to use the interviews for this study. The adolescents enrolled in the inpatient FitCare4U program if they had specific goals regarding the development of independent capabilities. Both parents and caretakers (when possible) participated in a parent program as part of their child’s treatment. The parents of the participating adolescents were eligible to participate in the study if:
(1) The adolescents lived with their parents/caretakers,
(2) The adolescents were between eleven and nineteen years
old,
(3) Parents could understand the Dutch language fluently,
and
(4) Attended both parent meetings
Furthermore, there were no physical restrictions regarding
participation.
The Program
FITcare4u is a short functional intensive inpatient program
that aims to empower children and adolescents with a disability,
to reach their maximal potential in independent capabilities and
stimulates the development of self-efficacy due to experiences of
success [4]. It is used to provide a boost in mastering independent
capabilities, developing confidence and self-efficacy. The inpatient
program lasted 15 days, weekends included, with a daily 6-hour
long therapeutic program, combined with school in the morning and
program in afternoon and evening. Each day the specific individual
goals of the children were practiced for 90 min and the remaining
time was spend on performing daily life activities, sports, outdoor
and creative activities. The children were individually coached
by members of a multidisciplinary team of pediatric physical and occupational therapists, sport teachers, nurses, social workers,
psychologists and physicians.
During two parent meetings prior to the program, parents were
informed about the inpatient program for the children, the parent
weekends and the ability to join this study. In the program two full
days, so called ‘parent weekends’ were embedded in which parents
of the adolescents participate in the program. These days were
planned in the second weekend of the program and on the last day
of the program. During these days parents met each other and had
the possibility to share experiences with each other. Furthermore,
parents received information on physical possibilities and
limitations of their child and what they can expect regarding the
future. As the parents are co-partners of their child, they participated
together with their child in several activities in the parent weekend
to experience the gained independent capabilities and self-efficacy
of their child and to get insight on what their child is capable of.
Lastly parents received many practical tips and advices during
parent-meetings on how to retain the progress their children made
during the program and what to do when the adolescent returns
home. Table 1 gives an impression of a parent day: (Table 1).
During the program children worked on their needs and individualized independent capabilities such as increasing their maximum walking distance to better transfer in their home environment (house/school), help parents set the table and clean up afterwards, picking the clothes they want to wear and getting dressed, brushing their teeth and learn how to do their own bowel irrigation or bladder catheterization. Evaluation of the results (for example: gross motor abilities, walking endurance and upperextremity upperextremity abilities) was performed at the end of the program and 3 month after the program.
Procedure
Intervention and assessments were part of the regular functional intensive treatment program in Adelante Centre of Pediatric Rehabilitation in the Netherlands. All parents were informed about the aim of study and the interview procedure before the start of the inpatient program and approved their participation regarding the interviews. If possible, both parents participated in the interviews and no preparation was needed before the interviews. After prior to the interviews. All data was anonymized and documented. The interviews were conducted during the ‘parent weekends’ in the last weekend of the program.
Semi-Structured Interviews with the Parent Couples: A general interview guide with important themes/topics was designed to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interview [12]. This interview guide was based on the themes identified in the literature (Figure 1). The themes where chosen based on the theory of De Mönninck, 2010’, ‘van der Ploeg & Scholte, 2008’ and ‘Schreurs, et al. 1993’ [10,13,14]. All themes and topics were used to identify challenges and needs of parents. The interviews had a duration of 20 to 30 minutes and were audio taped and transcribed afterwards.
Data Analysis
The data collected from the interviews were analyzed with directed content analysis [15]. First, the transcripts of the interviews were read and important text fragments that related to the research questions, were marked. Secondly, the text fragments were coded via the ‘a-priori’ method. This method typifies itself by using a conceptual framework that is designed to make an inventory of codes the researcher expects to find in the interviews [16]. The conceptual framework used in this study was based on the theory of ‘De Mönninck, 2010’, ‘van der Ploeg & Scholte, 2008’ and ‘Schreurs, et al. 1993’. The conceptual framework was translated into the topics given in Figure 1: These topics were initially used as coding scheme. Coding proceeded until no new codes and topics emerged and analytical data saturation occurred. To interpret the data, a consensus approach was used. The first author took the lead in the analysis. A second person who was a psychologist analyzed a subset of the transcripts. After this, modifications to the labels and clustering of themes were made before establishing a final set of codes (Figure 1).
Results
A total of 16 parent couples were interviewed, who’s child enrolled in the FitCare4U inpatient program. One parent couple was excluded from this research because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The parents of the children who participated in the research had a mean age of 48, ranging from 41 to 59. Both the father and mother were interviewed simultaneously. The children who participated in the inpatient program (n=16) consisted of 9 boys and 7 girls and had a mean age of 13,8, (ranging from 11 to 17). They were diagnosed with: Cerebral palsy (10 children with spastic cerebral palsy, 2 with Dyskinetic cerebral palsy), Spina Bifida (2), Stroke (1), McCune-Albright Syndrome (1). Eleven out of 16 children had siblings. The interviews resulted in four typical challenges and needs of parents. An overview is presented in Table 2.
Knowledge about the Child’s Development and Understanding the Overall Picture of the Child’s Disability
Challenges: Ten out of 16 parent couples /struggled with ‘Assessing the limits of their child’s disability. They did not know if certain behavior of their child was due to the disability or part of the personality and/or puberty: ‘Sometimes when I ask my daughter to help me with something and she responds that she can’t do it or that she is too tired, I often wonder whether I am physically and cognitively asking too much of her due to her disability or that she is just is a bit lazy due to her personality or age?’ (Mother of daughter of 17).
Needs: Several parents felt the need to increase their knowledge on the disability of their child. Both from a physical and cognitive perspective. They struggled with what they could ask/demand of their child with regards to independency with their child’s disability in mind. Some parents preferred to do it themselves while others would like external help. This ‘Do-ityourself approach vs outsourcing help’ were the two most common needs. ‘I think me, and my wife can do it on our own, but we could use some tips or suggestions or maybe a plan, that we can try out once our daughter returns home’ (father of daughter of 17). The majority of the parents preferred a practical solution in the form of a step-by-step plan they can take home and use as some sort of guideline. Furthermore, they felt the need for extra information on the disability or the physical/mental boundaries of the disability, or the organization of external help regarding the empowerment of their children. Other parents had difficulties formulating a possible solution that was suitable for them.
Coping with Stress in the Home Environment
Challenges: Twelve of the 16 parents interviewed identified
‘the sum of stress concerning the daily care’ and ‘stress related to
time pressure’ as challenges that could lead to relapses once the
child returned home. “The stress of encouraging and taking care of
my child during the day, drains all of my energy, this prohibits me
from being patient in certain situations. Especially if there is time
pressure to get all my children to school on time (Mother of son
of14). Particularly ‘stress related to time pressure’ was mentioned
by the majority of parents (10 of 16 parents): “the idea of the school
bus standing in front of our house and our child has not brushed his
teeth yet or has not been dressed yet, makes me nervous already
and I don’t know how to handle this in a different way” (Mother
of son of 15). The parents explained that the morning routine takes longer if you have a child with a disability. Some children/
adolescents rely on their parents to get dressed, shower or need
guidance for other personal hygienic activities.
In addition, children with Spina Bifida rely on their parents for
proper bowel irrigation or bladder catheterization. All these tasks
combined with the pressure to get ready in time, was perceived as
challenging. Several parents identified ‘stress related to work or
other external domains’ as possible failure factors once the child
returned home. “Sometimes when I arrive home from work I’m
so mentally and physically drained that I don’t have the energy
to be patient, especially if you have three children that demand
attention,” (father of son of 14). These parents explained that it was
hard for them to cope with ‘demands from work’, ‘demands from
other children’ in the family, or ‘other challenges outside of the
family’ that have an impact on the parent, besides the care of their
child with a disability.
Needs: Coping with the daily stress of taking care of a child with a disability was perceived as challenging, especially in combination with ‘time pressure’, the child’s lack of intrinsic motivation and stress from work or other domains outside the family. For example, children work on independent capabilities as brushing their teeth, help parents set the table, increasing their maximum walking distance for a better transfer in the house/school, etc. What makes it difficult and more time consuming in comparison to non-disabled children is that these children take longer to finish tasks, or still need help on certain parts of a task because of their disability. Furthermore, due to their disability and/or low performance intelligence some children are ‘over asked’ and do not understand certain tasks or know how to come up with adequate solutions. Parents feel the need to receive professional guidance on how to cope with these challenges. The parents perceived ‘support from other family members or external organizations’ as helpful with regards to holding on to the newly acquired skills and knowledge of the child. By receiving this support, the parents felt less burden with regards to the care of their child/children in combination with balancing the experienced stress. Furthermore, the need for professional guidance is expressed by the parents, to learn to deal with the time related stress.
Empowering Behavior Regarding Independent Capabilities
Challenges: The ‘absence of the child’s intrinsic motivation’ and not knowing how to cope with this absence of intrinsic motivation was also perceived as a challenge and a possible relapse factor according to the majority of the parents interviewed (12 of 16 parents): ‘I don’t know how I can motivate my child to pack his bag for school, it seems that the harder I pressure him the more he resists, which leads to me losing my patience.’(father of son of 15). Parents struggled with empowering their child to show behavior that would benefit their independency. One could argue that all parents face these challenges, but this example distinguishes itself from a non-disabled child by showing that next to a decreased intrinsic motivation, a lack of intelligence of the child and the overestimation of the child’s capabilities by parents, can increase complexity in the interaction of parents with their child. It is therefore important that parents learn the difference whether a situation is caused due to a lack of motivation or possible other factors.
Needs: The parents were convinced that parental extrinsic motivation would not be as effective as the extrinsic empowerment applied by strangers during the inpatient program. ‘I believe that children are more obedient to strangers than me as a mother for example. I don’t know why this is the case, maybe because they feel that they can be themselves around me without significant consequences?’ (mother of daughter of 17).This lead to the parents’ believe that in order to prevent relapses once the child returns home, help from professionals is needed to cope with the empowerment of their child. Nine out of the 16 parents believed they could use pedagogic tips for empowerment of their child once they returned home. Some parents would like to receive only information, while other parents were more interested in outsourcing this information and make use of professional help when they returned home.
Parent Roles and Interactions between Parents
Challenges: The parents identified several relapse factors in the domain of interpersonal relations as points of improvement to increase the chance of a successful transition home. ‘Communication between parents’ and ‘parent roles’ and ‘communication expectations’ were the most common interpersonal factors. Communicating your feelings, thoughts and expectations from mother to the father and the other way around, was perceived as helpful and would lead to more clarity for the child. In addition, it would also prevent that the child benefits from this un-clarity to refuse to do not likeable activities.
One mother stated :“My husband is by nature more patient and softer in his approach, this forces me to be more decisive. I believe I have to do this in order to compensate this and get things done. However, sometimes I would like to be soft and patient in my approach and I expect my husband to be more decisive” (Mother of daughter of 17). In other words, pronouncing expectations towards each other as parents would be beneficial, according to several parents.
Needs: The parents expressed the importance of communicating expectations towards each other as parents. Some parents could use some help identifying what they think are important pedagogic values. Furthermore, in correspondence with the knowledge gap described earlier in this chapter, it is important that the father and mother has the same information about what the disability exactly entails from a physical and cognitive perspective in order to act accordingly and adapt an unified approach as parents. In addition to this, developing communication skills that would benefit the interaction between parents was perceived as a vital need.
Discussion
This study focused on ‘the challenges and needs of parents once their child returns home from an inpatient Functional Intensive Therapy program. The goal was to focus on the perspective of parents on how to improve retainment of the positive treatment results once the child returned home. There were four challenges and four needs identified.
The First Challenge Concerned the Lack of ‘Knowledge about the Child’s Development and Understanding the Big Picture of the Child’s Disability’
Parents struggled with the situation that they did not know if
certain behavior of their child was due to his or hers disability or part
of his or hers personality and/or puberty. Parents wondered which
physical demands are realistic concerning the disability and which
behavioral demands are realistic considering the development
stage of the child? It can give parent guidance if they know on what
social-emotional level they have to interact with their child. This
need for knowledge corresponds with findings from research done
by Weis, et al. 2015 who found that caregivers wanted to increase
their parenting knowledge and increase emotional support for
themselves in order to smoothen the transition from an inpatient
program to the home environment [17].
Psycho-education on certain disabilities and more detailed
information on cognitive aspects of the disability and socialemotional
aspects of the disability should be part of any intensive
functional program. The program can guide parents in individual
or group conversations on what the disabilities entail, regarding
independent capabilities for the future. Knowledge about the
disability on what to expect regarding the future remains important
regarding the behavior of parents after the program. West, et
al. 2009 described that family-oriented rehabilitation positively
impacted the quality of life of parents after dis-charge, which made
parents more ready to cope with the pathology of their child and
therefore react more adequately. However, they presented that the
quality of life score was lower after six months than at the time of
discharge. West, et al. 2009 eluded this deterioration due to the
heavy burdens parents continue to encounter at home, related
to the fear of a relapse in the child suffering from cancer, further
surgical interventions for the child with cardiac disease, or a
progressive course of the disease in the child suffering from cystic
fibrosis [7].
They concluded that fears, worries and practical demands may cause a reduction in the achieved improvements. The results of West, et al. 2009 correspond with this research in the sense that fear is often related to certain levels of ignorance/insecurities on what to expect regarding the disability, especially if it is a progressive disability [7]. If the professionals can guide parents, during an inpatient program, on what to expect regarding the disability of their child in the short and long term, parents will be more prepared to deal with their fears whether these are realistic or not. This can give them more confidence in what they can ask of their child regarding the child’s independency. After the program it is needed to organize additional professional help in the home environment, if needed. West, et al. 2009 research also shows that in order to retain positive results it is not only important to guide parents during discharge but also the months after the program. In other words, a third recommendation is to actively monitor progress and provide guidance up to six months after the inpatient program [7].
The Second Challenge Identified was ‘Coping with Stress’. Parents Expressed the Needs to be Strengthened or Adjusted in their “Parent Capabilities and/or their Environment”
As mentioned earlier West, et al. 2009 eluded that relapses often occur due to the heavy burdens parents experience again at home, having a negative effect on the quality of life of parents. Coping with the daily stress of taking care of a child with a disability was perceived as challenging, especially in combination with ‘time pressure’, the child’s lack of intrinsic motivation and stress from work or other domains outside the family. Consistent with previous studies (Mönnink , 2010) the parent’s perceptions indicate that it is important to investigate ‘bearable stress levels’ of parents in order to set the right preconditions to facilitate new behavior on an individual and family level [10]. In case the parents needs help, an intensive intervention could be done in the form of outsourcing care tasks of parents to reduce stress. However, handling this stress is a twofold matter: Handling stress is a major component and increasing parents capability to handle stressful challenges that occur when raising a child with a disability. The second important component is decreasing stress by decreasing the amount of care tasks. Especially when parents stress is unhealthy and not bearable anymore. This can be done by outsourcing certain care tasks to professionals in order to prevent relapses of the children. This corresponds with the research done by Weis, et al. 2015 who found that caregivers felt the need to increase emotional support for themselves, and gain access to additional child and family services in order to prevent relapses [17].
The Third Challenge Identified was about ‘Empowering Behavior Regarding Independent Capabilities’
Parents struggled with empowering their child to show behavior
that would benefit their independency in the future. Sometimes
parents mirror the independency demands of their disabled child
to a non-disabled child. On the other hand, sometimes, parents
are too conservative in their approach and the children are understimulated
to reach their independency potential. This can be based
on the lack of knowledge about the disability and/or an emotional
challenge. Parents have to deal with disappointments during the
transition to adulthood of their disabled child. Consistent with
previous research done by Fernández-Alcántara, et al. 2015, it is
important to guide parents emotionally and practically with regards to feelings of loss of the ‘ideal child’ and his or hers capabilities
[18]. For example: disappointments that their child can not follow
regular education, disappointments that some children will never
experience paid employment and disappointments that some
children will never live fully independently in their own house
without professional guidance. Therefore, nurturing the ‘grieving
process’ of parents is vital to prevent relapses.
In addition to this, even though the studies from Bleyenheuft,
et al. 2017; Sakzewski, et al. 2014; Novak, et al. 2013 all found that
positive results were achieved from a physical perspective due to
high intensity therapy (in a short period of time) [1-3], you have to
take in consideration that grieving processes of parents are long and
slow of nature, and may deviate from the gained skills of the child
in an inpatient therapy program. There are several opportunities
to improve the inpatient program, for example the guidance of the
emotional processes of parents described above. During the parent
weekends there are opportunities to nurture this process as a
rehabilitation team. This can be done in individual conversations
with parents where themes as feelings of loss of the ‘ideal child’ and
how this correlates to independent capabilities, should be the main
topic of conversation. Another opportunity for the program is that
rehabilitation staff follows up on these processes after the inpatient
program, in order to increase/maintain the quality of life of parents
mentioned by West, et al. [7].
‘Parent Roles and Interactions between Parents’ was Identified as the Fourth Challenge.
The results show that pedagogic knowledge and knowledge
about the disability are both important for parents. Once you have
more knowledge about these aspects it is important to have one
unified approach as parents, when guiding the child with a disability
to adulthood. This is consistent with research done by Claes, et al.
2012 were they state that clarity about rules and agreements is
crucial for children with disabilities and lower intelligence [19].
Especially for children with a disability who have below average
performance intelligence benefit from this unified approach which
can lead to more clarity and structure for the child. As Claes, et
al. 2012 described that predictability, regularity, recognizability
and clarity should have the upper hand in raising a child with a
disability [19].
The results also show that communicating role expectations
towards each other as parents could lead to more clarity for
the child and could prevent that the child makes misuse of this
situation. Furthermore, developing communication skills that
would benefit the interaction between parents was perceived as
helpful. In other words, it is also important to look further than
the child-parent relationship. This corresponds with findings from
Lask J, et al. 1998 as they state that the distance of the inpatient unit
from the family can be an added complication. This situation may
intensify the focus onto the child and can lead to a marginalization of other important factors in the child’s family relationships and
wider environment [20]. The benefit of the positive changes of
the child after the treatment program can be diminished by what
is happening in other areas of the family household. Therefore,
it is recommendable for intensive programs to raise the parent’s
awareness about the period after the inpatient program and how to
benefit from all the gained skills.
This can be realized by including individual conversations with
parents, during the parent weekends, where social workers and
psychologists can help to identify which values are important for
both parents, communicate about the parents expectations of each
other in raising their child with a disability, and communicate about
the parents expectations regarding the future of their child in order
to manage expectations and guide the emotional process. Although
this study generated data from a specific program of Adelante and
involved a limited amount of parents, this type of program is used
in several other forms and locations which enables a generalization
of results.
Conclusion
The disengagement of a child and family from an in-patient
program towards the less intense regular care can lead to a
deterioration of the achieved improvements. The data shows that
parents struggle with feelings of fear, stress and a knowledge gap
on what the disability of their child entails. Parents felt the need
to gain more knowledge on the disability of their child, what they
can ask of their child mentally and physically and how to ask things
in order to improve the development of or retain independent
capabilities of their child. Guiding parents in voicing their parental
vision towards each other in order to empower their child with one
unified approach was perceived as important. Furthermore, the
data showed that it is important to closely monitor stress levels of
parents and intervene once stress levels are not healthy anymore,
in order to prevent a negative effect on the guiding process of their
children to independency. When generalizing the results of this
study, inpatient intensive programs should incorporate psychoeducation
on what the disability entails from a physical, cognitive
and social-emotional perspective and guide parents in what they
can ask of their child regarding independent capabilities.
Another vital component that should be included in similar
programs is guiding parents with regards to feelings of loss
of the’ ideal child’ and their journey to independency. These
disappointments come to light with regards to the adolescents’
education possibilities, paid employment and independent living.
Lastly it is important to keep monitoring and guiding parents after
discharge of the child in order to prevent relapses on a parent and
child level. The mentioned challenges will be ongoing processes
for parents in guiding their child to independency and should be
subject of inpatient programs and regular care afterwards. Further
research is required to measure the identified challenges before the inpatient program and three months after the inpatient program .
This can give more insight on the effectiveness of the interventions
during this period.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest to report.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study and approval of the ethical committee was not necessary due to the fact that the study was part of the usual care.
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