Abstract

Herein for the first time the quantitative determination of seven heavy metal ions i.e., Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn and Zn in the water samples of village Toke district Kalat Balochistan, Pakistan have been carried out by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Calibrations were constructed for the seven metals using standard solution. The analysis showed that the concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr are moderately high in the water samples of determine the concentration of trace and heavy metals in drinking water of village Toke district Kalat Balochistan. Whereas Zn and Cu have no significant difference while, Fe, Cd, Pb, and Cr have moderately high value compared to standard given by WHO.

Keywords: Heavy Metals; Kalat Balochistan; Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric; Environment

Introduction

Water is the most important element for the living organisms without water it would be impossible to maintain life on earth [1- 3]. Water pollution has become a very important field of global research due to the direct impact on climate and humans being [4-6]. Heavy metals are considered to be one of the main sources of pollution in the environment, since they have a significant effect on its ecological quality [7,8]. Human activity leads to increasing levels of heavy metal contamination in the environment. Heavy metals owing to atmospheric and industrial pollution accumulate in the water and influence the ecosystem nearby [9]. Surface water contamination with heavy metals is a serious environmental problem. The determination of heavy metal in water samples is very important in monitoring environmental pollution [9,10].
Zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) etc., were chosen as representative trace metals whose levels in the environment represent a reliable index of environmental pollution. Metals like zinc, iron, manganese, and copper are essential metals since they play an important role in biological systems, whereas Pb, Cr and Cd are non-essential metals as they are toxic even in traces [11-13]. While the essential metals can also produce toxic effects when the metal intake is excessively elevated. Recently, both international and Pakistan studies have drawn attention to the metal pollution of water [14- 18]. But such a study has not been yet carried out in village Toke district Kalat which is back word area of Balochistan, Pakistan. Here water is mainly used by the people for drinking and agriculture purpose. Current study is almost first report on determination of trace and heavy metals in drinking and agriculture water of Toke Kalat, Balochistan. The aim of this study is to determine the mean concentrations of heavy metals including Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr in water. Heavy metals concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The relationships between the metal levels in samples collected from areas of the village and physicochemical parameters were assessed.

Methods

Experimental

Reagents and Solutions: Analar (AR grade) samples of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr, Zinc Nitrate, Ferrous Sulphate, Manganese chloride, Copper Nitrate, Lead Nitrate, Chromium Chloride and Nitric acid, were purchased from Merck, Marker. All reagents are of Analar grade and triply distilled water were used throughout the study. The apparatus and the glassware’s were thoroughly washed and dried in oven. Pre concentration of the samples were carried out and the residue was leached with 0.1M HNO3 acid (Analar) solution. This solution was used for the determination of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).

Instrumentation

Elico SL 163 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is used to analyze the concentration of heavy metals with hollow cathode lamps of different metals and a flame of air-acetylene. The calibration curves were constructed using standard solution of the metal ions by following the procedure given in the manual using appropriate detectors in the wavelength range suitable for the concentration range. Five replicates of each experiment are carried out. The calibrations are precise and accurate as demonstrated by % RSD being less than 2.

Collection of Sample

Five different water samples were collected from different areas of Toke Kalat district Table 1. To avoid possible contamination, these samples were collected in one liter capacity polypropylene bottles i.e. pre acid washed and then 0.5 mL of conc HNO3 were added to 75 mL of each sample I in order to avoid the microbial activities. The water samples were then boiled or evaporated up to one-fourth of original volume. The samples were then kept in a refrigerator for two weeks to stabilize the metals. From the pool 100 mL water sample was filtered and concentrated to about 60mL in 100mL standard flask to which 5.0 mL of conc. HNO3 was added. This was made up to the mark with de-ionized water. After digestion, samples were analyzed for Zn, Fe, Mn , Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr using atomic absorption spectrophotometer according to standard methods as described in the manual supplied along with the atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Table 1: Name of sampling area with their symbols.

Results and Discussion

The analysis of water from the study area showed that water samples have no color and odor. The analytical results of metals in the samples of water are shown in the Table 2. This data showed that the concentration of Fe, Cd, Cr Zn, Mn, and Pb, are found to be present moderately high in the samples of Toke kalat district, where as Cu, and Cr concentration in all the study areas had no significant difference of concentrations when compared with WHO data . The table shows the results of analysis together with the permissible range of metal ions as defined by WHO. After analysis, the obtained results (ppm L^–1) for Zn, Fe, Cd, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Cr are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Concentration (ppm L^–1) various elements in selected medicinal plants.

Conclusion

The presence of heavy metals with moderate high concentrations in the water samples of Toke Kalat district indicates that there can be a chance of damage 9 to water and animal kingdom including human beings. Hence continual assessment and enlightenment is highly essential.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

References

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Abstract

The incidence of intraorbital hemorrhage in blepharoplasties is rare. The symptoms can be severe, such as orbital compartment syndrome and oculocardiac reflex. We describe a case of intraorbital hemorrhage manifested as sudden intraoperative arrhythmia and bradycardia during blepharoplasty surgery under local anesthesia and monitored anesthesia care. This should be considered a high-risk surgery for bleeding in ophthalmology and close hemodynamic monitoring is essential for immediate diagnosis. Also, a prompt response is of utmost importance to avoid loss of vision and to assure a positive outcome.

Keywords: Cardiac Arrhythmia; IntraorbitalHematoma; Oculoplastic Surgery; Local Anesthesia