Mini ReviewAbstract
The article contains information from the literature about possible side effects of various medicines used in medical and veterinary practice, as well as measures to eliminate them.
Keywords: Drug; Local; Reflex; Toxic; Antibiotic; Teratogen; Embryotoxic; The Mutagen; Cancerogen; Allergen
Introduction
The harmful effect of drugs by the transition period is short, medium and long-lasting. These effects occur in the form of shortterm pain, dermatitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane or severe numbness (shock), which sometimes causes deep changes in organs and tissues, and even a tragedy. Most often, these manifestations occur as a result of repeated use of medications. The gradual increase in sensitivity by the body and the occurrence of unforeseen circumstances lead to this. There are many similar terms of the response reaction, which are observed as a result of the action of drugs, and they are all considered poisonous, secondary, negative and side effects, complications of treatment with drugs.In laboratory conditions, the side effects of drugs obtained by chemical synthesis are more likely to be compared to the harmful effects of phytopreparations obtained from medicinal plants.The side effects of many medicinal plants have not been identified. Currently, more than 500 drugs have been identified to reduce the activity of the liver, kidneys, blood-forming organs. These are examples of sulfonamides and some antibiotics (tetracycline, strychomycin) [1].
Types of Adverse Effects of Drugs are As Follows
Local adverse effects-occur due to the connection of the drug
with the tissue (especially the oshozon-intestinal mucosa), as
a result of which tissue damage is observed, wounds, erosions,
inflammation. Basically, such an effect is characteristic of drugs
that irritate the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal
tract (aspirin, indocin, butadione, reserpine, etc.).).This effect is
compensated by the fact that the drugs are enveloped in a liquid or
shell (capsule), sometimes added With Protein, Milk, starch slime
or consumed after a meal (chloralgidrate, butadione, reserpine,
acetylsalicylic acid, etc.).The reflex is a negative effect-due to this
effect, the activity of the members can be slowed down or vice
versa. This effect is sometimes expressed in a positive way. For
example, when smelling of novshadil alcohol, there is a weakening
of breathing (positive), when narcotic substances smell, shortness
of breath (negative), narrowing of bronchi.Toxic effects can be
common. This effect occurs due to the intake of large doses of
drugs into the body. Quinine has a large dose of hearing loss,
irreversible decreasetiradi; monomycin and strychomycin from
antibiotics accumulate in high amounts in the inner ear, irreversibly
decrease hearingtiradi; sulfanilamides form stones in the kidneys,
demonstrating the property of digitoxin cumulation from cardiac
glycosides, disrupting cardiac activity[2].
The course of poisoning can be acute and chronic. For example,
such cases can be observed in poisoning with morphine, ethyl
alcohol, heavy metals (mercury). [3]Dysbacteriosis is a violation
of the natural composition of intestinal microorganisms. Useful (saprophyte) is the destruction of flora and the outbreaks of the
development of harmful (patogen) bacteria. This can also occur
in patients who are exhausted and exhausted, after chronic
diseases, sometimes as a result of taking corticosteroids, drugs that
have a wide spectrum of action against a wide range of bacteria.
Candidomycosis-is the basis for the development of a gang of fungi
that are characteristic of the type of Candida, on the gastrointestinal
mucosa, caused by the use of extensive antibiotics (tetracycline,
levomycetin) during treatment. In such cases, it is recommended to
use special antibiotics (Nystatin, levorin).Teratogen effect (teratos)
- is caused by the intake of certain medications during pregnancy,
causing changes in the fetus [1,2].
In 1961 year, as a result of the use of the drug Talidomideas
a calming drug by pregnant women, it was found that the fetus is
born with various physical defects (the hipness of the limbs, defects
in the digestive tract, etc.).the G.). For this reason, from the period
of the onset of pregnancy, special attention is paid to the teratogen
effect of the drug, special examinations are performed.Especially
the central nervous system is extremely sensitive to the teratogen
effects of drugs. Mental retardation occurs due to low memory,
impaired DNA and RNA activity, sluggishness of neuronlararo
relationships, the same effect manifests itself in nature.
To prevent this effect, pregnant women, during the first three
months of pregnancy, such drugs are not recommended. The use
of drugs in the second half of pregnancy can disrupt the activity of
some organs, even if the negative states do not come. Therefore,
pregnant women are advised to take the drug in small doses and for
a short time, if necessary. Teratogen effect of drugs does not pass
from generation to Generation [4].
Embryotoxic effect-occurs under the influence of the drug,
which was taken in the initial period of fertilization of the mother
egg cell. In this case, the process of adhesion (implantation) of the
fertilized cell to the mucous membrane of the uterus (1-2 weeks) and
the formation of a placenta (3-6 weeks) is disrupted, spontaneous
miscarriage (abortion) of the embryo is observed. This condition
can occur when a large dose of the drug is consumed. Basically, the
drug occurs when it is absorbed into the embryo, passing through
the mucous membrane of the uterus. If the miscarriage (abortion)
of the fetus is not observed, the embryotoxic effect, teratogen can
cause the effect to occur.Mutagaenetic effect-hereditary (genetic)
effect (mutatio-change, genos-generation).it can occur in the period
of gonadogenesis or embryogenesis by men or women, due to the
reception of medicines. The consequences of this effect can go from
generation to generation. Under the influence of drugs that are
used against malignant tumors, a change in the structure of DNA
leads to the fact that mutagenic changes occur[3-5].
Blastomogen (konserogen) effect (blastoma-dangerous usma)-
the occurrence of such an effect can be observed as a result of
the long-term use of certain chemicals. For example, nicotine
in tobacco, benzopyrine, in addition nitrosamines, drugs that
suppress nitrobirics, under certain conditions can cause dangerous
tumors or accelerate their development.Idiosyncrasy-after the
first reception of certain drugs, various strong response reactions
are manifested, which are preserved for a lifetime. This condition
is explained by enzymopathies that pass from generation to
generation (the absence of certain enzymes in the body).An allergy
to drugs is a response - unpleasant reaction that occurs when
a medicinal product is introduced into the body. The substance
of the drug is an immature antigen, which, when combined with
proteins in the body, turns into a complete antigen. After 7-12 days
against it, lymphocytes produce antibodies, after which a strong
allergic reaction may occur. During this reaction, a large number
of biologically active substances (histamine, serotonin, bradykinin,
prostaglandins) are produced from the cells.
These agents manifest allergic changes that are observed in
the body. Such a reaction occurs at a speed, in the case where this
drug is sent to the slurry. In some cases, allergic reactions can occur
at the same speed when taking the drug for the first time to lose
weight. This occurs due to an increase in the body’s predisposition.
An allergic reaction to fast dressing is regarded as the result of
sensibilization. In particular, the reactions that occur against the
venom of animals are in the sentence shular. It is regarded as
changes that occur due to late-formed reactions, conjugation (the
transfer of organs from one person to another).In some cases,
the allergy caused by medications begins slowly and lasts for a
long time. This condition can persist for a certain period of time
even after the introduction of a medicinal product into the body is
stopped. For example: means that are used to treat tuberculosis and
eczema can cause chronic dermatitis (rash of the ass, rashes).
An allergic reaction to medications can develop in some cases
in the form of anaphylactic hangover (shock), which quickly rushes
to sleep. As a result, there is a lack of air, a cardiac colic, a decrease
in arterial pressure, general malaise and other changes occur. The
use of anti-histamine drugs (dimedrol, suprastin), normalizing
blood pressure, sending blood tomirga noradrenaline is one of the
necessary measures. Such a state of hangover often occurs when
sending preparations of the penicillin group from antibiotics.
Therefore, in order to prevent such negative phenomena, an allergic
test is performed on the Max, that is, a small amount of the antibiotic
(0, 1-0, 2 ml) is injected under the skin to clarify the sensitivity of
the organism. Dressing blisters with redness and swelling in the
place of shipment, do not send this medication [5;74-76 p.].In order
to prevent these side effects, individual (individual) sensitivity to
the drug is checked: tabl 1:10 or 1:5 part of the test is poured under
the tongue, 15 minutes are observed. If an adverse response occurs,
it is not recommended to use the drug. To check the compatibility of
the body with drugs introduced through blood vessels, first 0,1-0,2
ml of solution is introduced, the general condition of the patient is
observed, then the rest of the solution is injected.
Complications, side effects of antibiotics are diverse.
Complications, which occur as a result of their direct toxic effect,
are manifested mainly in the nervous system (visual nerve,
polyneuritis, ataxia and others), excretory organs (nephrosis),
liver (parenchymatous jaundice), gastrointestinal tract (ogric,
diarrhea and others). Often such cases are caused by preparations
of strychomycin, neomycin.One of the complications that occur due
to tetracycline is teratogen effect. In the period of Xomiladorlik,
the development of tumors in the course of its antibiotic effect is
disrupted, and the child is born with signs of disability. Another
of the complications that are observed due to antibiotics is a case
of allergies. Allergy can manifest differently (on the skin, mucous
cavities and khakozo). The most dangerous of these types of
complications is anaphylactic shock, it is caused mainly by penicillin
gel (falling of mining pressure, coronging of es-Hus and others).
Therefore, in the first administration of penicillin, a condition is
established, which determines the sensitivity of the patient’s body
to antibiotics.Oxytetracycline-harmful to liver activity and taking
into account the effects of teratogen in the first half of pregnancy
and when prescribing to children, it is necessary to be very extiotic.
As mentioned above, tetracyclines accumulate in the bone
tissue, which can adversely affect the incorrect formation of them,
the correct growth of teeth.Tetracycline group of drugs have a
pronounced effect on the metabolism processes of the body: the
synthesis of oxyl decreases, the excretion of water, sodium, amino
acids and some vitamins from the body accelerates. In the long-term
stagnation okibati, useful saprophytes in the intestinal microflora
are riddled, which can cause the appearance of a family of bacteria
that are stagnant in relation to exactly the same group of drugs. As
a result, candidomycosis is observed when the disease progresses,
sometimes symptoms such as lack of vitamins of Group V are
manifested. During the treatment, it is much more effective to dilute
the preparations with Nystatin and vitamins of Group P.We will
need to focus on the fact that levomycetin has specific side effects.
Allergic reactions during treatment, a violation of the activity of
the excretory organs that generate mining, can sometimes lead to a
tragic ending anemia condition. At the same time, candidomycosis
disease is also observed. The short duration of treatment with the
drug maxad is suitable.
Antibiotics against fungi. As a result of prolonged use of
antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action (Oxicon, strychomycin,
levomycetin and others), there is a cavity in the mouth, mucous
membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, gangs of fungi belonging
to the Candida family; that is, candidomycosis disease occurs.
Sometimes these fungi migrate to the internal organs of the blood
vessel, which can also cause severe diseases. For the treatment
of such diseases, antibiotics such as Nystatin and levorin are
recommended. Nystatin-is acidic and rapidly decomposes in the
alkaline medium, has insoluble properties in water and alcohol.
Therefore, not absorbed into the cone, the load in the intestinal
cavity accumulates in microns. It is recommended to apply an
hour before meals. To gum from the action of hydrochloric acid is
crushed in special cubes (capsules). It can be applied for two weeks,
less often and does not cause side effects. In fungal diseases of the
skin, 4% of the drug is recommended ointment li.
Levorin-sodium tuzi of the drug is water-soluble, and at 500000
TBETETS are recommended 2-3 times a day for 10-12 days, during
the night. In the case of candidomycosis of the oral cavity, there are
special napkins that are designed to hold in the mouth. As a result of
this, the accumulation of the drug in the oral cavity of the pharynx
is observed. For puddling on the surface, ointments were also
prepared.Pesticides used in veterinary practice are also manifested.
They have properties of concomitantogen (the occurrence of
cancer cells), teratogen (negative influence on heredity), mutagen
(manifestation of mutilation, disorder), embryotoxic (toxic
effect on the fetus), allergic effect. These cases are manifested
when poisoning from the action of phosphoric and chlorogenic
compounds, carbs, artificial pyrethroids, which belong to the group
of more pesticides, occurs. Similar properties are observed in them,
which are hemotoxic, hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, allergic, traumatizing
membranes, as well as inhibiting the activity of cholinesterase,
which manifests its harmful effect on the body.Strict compliance
with the rules of storage, transportation and application of these
tools for the purpose of prevention and treatment of such adverse
effects is one of the main requirements. When poisoning occurs,
primary antidote therapy, that is, it is advisable to apply anti-poison
agents ( atropine sulfate,cocorbaxylase, tropacin, fagangan coal,
vikasol, unitiol ,siysiy chloride, thiosulfate sodium,methylamine,
potassium permanganate, tannin, glucose) on time, and then
conduct symptomatic, etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment
procedures.
References
- Baltkais YY, Fateev VA (1991) Interaction of medicinal substances. Moscow, Meditsina.
- Zhulenko VN (2004) Veterinary toxicology. Moscow, Koloss.
- Salimov Y (2019) Veterinary pharmacology. Tashkent, Noshir.
- Sokolova VD (2010) Pharmacology. Saint Petersburg. MoscowKrasnodar.
- Subbotnik VM (2000) Modern medicines in veterinary medicine. Rostov-On-Don, Phoenix.
