Mini ReviewANNOTATION
The effect of the passage of electromagnetic waves of low frequencies through the ionosphere layer is considered. This is observed during the period of activity of its parameters and leads to the previously not considered effect of low-frequency cosmic radiation on natural processes of various nature on the Earth’s surface. Anomalous processes on earth are directly related to the period of activation of the ionosphere parameters due to natural and technogenic factors.
Keywords: Еlectro magnetic Waves; Ionosphere; Anormal Processes
Introduction
Most publications cover MSCT-semiotics of lung tissue damage and assessment of the prevalence and development of the pathological process. However, the diagnostic value of MSCT in the early clinical manifestations of COVID-19, the detection and correct interpretation of MSCT images of lung injury during the first 3-5 days are still underestimated.
Aim of the Study: To describe the specific lung damage semiotics based on the MSCT-picture during the first 3-5 days of COVID-19 clinical symptoms manifestation.
Materials and Methods: Fifty six patients with a PCRconfirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and suspected pneumonia were examined by MSCT at 3-5th days of disease clinical manifestation.
Results and Discussion: Five different early MSCT-types of viral pneumonia related to SARS-CoV-2 were identified at 3-5th days of clinical manifestations.
Pneumonia with focal lesions and limited spread were detected in 30.4% patients. One or several small foci (up to 30 mm) of the Ground Glass Opacification (GGO) were detected in 1-3 segments of one or less often both lungs. The changes had indistinct external contours, were localized mainly in the peripheral parts of the lungs. In some foci, areas of high opacity were described, clearly distinguishable against the background of GGO. In 41.2% of these patients there was an increased lung markings of the type of reticular consolidation of the interstitium along the periphery of the lesions. In 11.8% patients with single foci of GGO clinical symptoms of COVID-19 were absent during the examination (the study was conducted at the request of the patient due to infection of relatives). In 17.6% patients, MSCT performed on the 3rd day after the onset of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 did not reveal the presence of typical lung injury. However, the second MSCT conducted on the 5th day (2 days after the initial examination) due to a sharp deterioration in the patients’ condition revealed signs of viral pneumonia related to COVID-19. Multifocal bilateral lesions type GGO up to 30-45 mm with damage from 3 to 5 lung segments, with indistinct, blurred outer edges, pleural reaction of the pericissuritis type, with interstitial thickening along the periphery of the lesions was found in 26.8% of patients. This group of patients differed from the previous one both in the polymorphism of the macrostructure of the foci and in the chaotic distribution of areas of the lung damage. The changes were observed in any part of the lungs, both near the pleura and in the middle, periapical zones of the lungs, and near of the mediastinal pleura. In 13.3% of patients, extensive bilateral changes were observed with several segments’ lesions exclusively of the GGO type, against the background of which areas of swollen alveolar tissue were visualized.
Polysegmental bilateral lung lesion with predominantly
peribronchial localization was observed in 23.2% patients. Several
segments (sometimes, in different lobes) were involved in the
process, the entire segment or its part was affected. The appearance
against the background of GGO in the central zone of high opacity
infiltration, air bronchogram sign, crazy paving pattern, thickening
of the interalveolar, pulmonary interstitium of the honeycombing
type, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, in some cases bounded pleural
effusion, dilatation of the pulmonary veins of the affected area
were described. Unlike the previous group, these patients showed
predominantly peribronchial localization of pathological changes,
dilatation, thickening of the bronchial septa, the appearance of a
symptom of air bronchogram, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.
Some patients had local pleural effusion, crazy paving pattern - like
areas of pulmonary interstitium strengthening, rough, cord-like,
interstitium and interlobar pleura compaction. In contrast to the
previous group, the size of the dense infiltrate in the central part
of the focal changes in the GGO increased. Against this background,
there was a “swelling” of some groups of alveoli, probably due to the
defeat of the respiratory bronchioles.
Lobar infiltrative changes were detected in 12.5% of patients,
pneumonia developed in 2-5 lobes, there was a combination of GGO
foci, with dense infiltrates in the central zone, and Polysegmental
infiltrates, with the appearance of air bronchogram sign ,
thickening of the bronchial septa, changes in the interstitium of
the crazy paving type, reticular thickening of the interstitium,
pleural reactions (in the form of pleural effusion, thickening of the
pleura), mediastinal lymphadenopathy, dilatation of the peripheral
pulmonary veins of the affected area. Atypical changes in the lung
tissue were observed in 7.5% patients - an increase of lung marking
due to diffuse compaction of the interstitium with damage to both
lungs, thickening of the bronchial septa, dilatation of the pulmonary
veins. The severity of GGO was moderate. The key point, in our
opinion, of the emergence of the assumption of pneumonia caused
by SARS-CoV-2 is the comparison of MSCT data with the clinical
picture of the disease, monitoring of MSCT-data.
Conclusion
a) MSCT semiotics of early stages of pneumonia caused by
SARS-CoV-2 has a specific macrostructure, which allows us to
assume about the participation of this infection in the etiology
of the disease.
b) MSCT is a necessary examination method for suspected
COVID-19 pneumonia.
c) The different MSCT-pictures of the disease development
are due to the different reactions of patients to SARS-CoV-2
infection.
