Abstract
Background and Objective: The aim of this Article is to describe the efforts made by current Medical, Scientific and Pharmaceutical organizations to urgently prepare the Vaccine for COVID-19 Pandemic. Current news and announcements say that at the end of the year in December 2020 or later Vaccine for COVID-19 might be available for the public.
Methods: The Methodology used in this Article is Critical Literature review where Author has presented the Table 1 which critically Analyze 15 randomly selected articles. Critical analysis focuses on presenting the Importance of “Urgent Need of reliable and approved Vaccination for COVID-19 Novel corona Virus in current Pandemic.”. The word “COVID-19 Vaccines” is used as search word in PUBMED, Google Others searches to trace the articles and bring it for Critical Literature review results.
Results: Author of this article have presented the results by using diagrams from SPSS19 software. After studying and carefully critically reviewing the 21 Articles and other sources and randomly selecting 15 Articles for Urgent Need of reliable and approved Vaccination for COVID-19. First part of the result in Table 1 and SPSS Diagram 1 clearly shows that all 15 randomly selected articles agreed on the urgent need for the production and availability of COVID-19 Vaccine. The second part of the result shows in SPSS Diagram 2 that 12 articles from 15 agrees 100 Percent whereas 3 articles did not discuss the urgent availability of COVID-19 Vaccine.
Conclusion: After seeing the Disaster resulting from COVID-19 Pandemic in last five months all over the world, where almost 370,000 people died and approximately 6 Million people are sick due to COVID-19. There is urgent need of VACCINE of COVID-19 Pandemic and there is news that may be Vaccine could be available in December 2020 or later. The lesson learned is that we in Twenty first century do not have capability to develop immediate Medicines or Vaccines for new disease. Medical Scientists need to study more and Medical Science need more hard work to learn the diseases and their urgent treatment.
Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccine; WHO; Antibody; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement; Mucosal Immunization; Sars-Cov-2; Pandemic; Viral Genomics; Coronavirus; Outbreak; Infection; Repurposed Therapies; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Antiviral Therapy; Coronavirus Vaccines; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Sars-Cov); Virologic Diagnosis
Introduction
More than 90 vaccines [1] are being developed against SARSCoV-
2 by research teams in companies and universities across
the world. Researchers are trialing different technologies some of
which haven’t been used in a licensed vaccine before. At least six
groups have already begun injecting formulations into volunteers
in safety trials others have started testing in animals. Nature’s
graphical guide explains each vaccine design. All vaccines aim to
expose the body to an antigen that won’t cause disease but will
provoke an immune response that can block or kill the virus if a
person becomes infected. There are at least eight types being tried
against the coronavirus, and they rely [1] on different viruses
or viral parts. The global COVID-19 vaccine [2] R&D landscape
includes 115 vaccine candidates of which 78 are confirmed as
active and 37 are unconfirmed development status cannot be
determined from publicly available or proprietary information
sources. Of the 78 confirmed active projects 73 are currently at
exploratory or preclinical stages. The most advanced candidates have recently moved into clinical development including mRNA-
1273 from Moderna, Ad5-nCoV from CanSino Biologicals INO-
4800 from Inovio and LV-SMENP-DC and pathogen-specific aAPC
from Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute. Numerous other
vaccine developers have indicated [2] plans to initiate human
testing in 2020.
Sharing knowledge with [3,4] parallel COVID-19 vaccine efforts
worldwide is crucial. WHO is in the process of creating a forum for
everyone who is developing COVID-19 vaccines to come together
and present their plans and initial findings? It is essential that we
all measure immunological responses to the various vaccines in
the same way to ensure comparability and generalizability of our
collective findings. Work is continuing at a very fast pace and I am in
no doubt that we will see an unprecedented spirit of collaboration
and cooperation convened by WHO as we move towards a shared
[4] global goal of COVID-19 prevention through vaccination (Figure
1). The G7 committed to [5] supporting the launch of joint research
projects for COVID-19 treatments and vaccines.12 High-level
dialogue is needed on ways to ensure complementarity of efforts and
global access to COVID-19 vaccines. Investments should proceed in
tandem to build national systems for delivery of potential vaccines
for example using domestic financing and external financing from
the World Bank Group’s $14 billion COVID-19 Fast Track Facility13
and reallocations from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis
and Malaria Gaviand [5] Global Financing Facility grants for service
delivery (Figure 2).
One of the crucial mistakes [6] made at the time by French authorities was to refuse to communicate early on the measures taken to ensure the safety of the vaccine for fear that the mere evocation of risk might provoke irrational reactions. This approach let critics set the agenda on this issue condemning public authorities to a defensive position. Public authorities are setting up fast-track approval processes for a putative [6-10] vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.9 It is crucial to communicate early and transparently on these processes to avoid vaccines becoming part of political debates. As the world is witnessing the [11] epidemic of COVID-19 a disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerging genetics and clinical evidences suggest a similar path to those of SARS and MERS. The rapid genomic sequencing and open access data together with advanced vaccine technology are expected to give us more knowledge on the pathogen itself including the host immune response as well as the plan for therapeutic vaccines in the near future. This review aims to provide a comparative view among SARS-CoV MERS-CoV and the newly epidemic SARS-CoV-2 in the hope to gain a better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction host immune responses and the pathogen immune evasion strategies. This predictive view may help in designing an immune intervention or preventive [11] vaccine for COVID-19 soon (Figures 3&4).
To address this global crisis [12] up-to-date information on viral genomics and transcriptomics is crucial for understanding the origins and global dispersion of the virus providing insights into viral pathogenicity transmission and epidemiology and enabling strategies for therapeutic interventions drug discovery and vaccine development. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 epidemiology genomic etiology findings from recent transcriptomic map analysis viral-human protein interactions molecular diagnostics and the current status of vaccine and novel therapeutic intervention development. Moreover, we provide an extensive list of resources that will help the scientific community access numerous types of databases related to SARSCoV- 2 OMICs and [12] approaches to therapeutics related to COVID-19 treatment.
Methods
The Methodology used in this Article is Critical Literature
review where Author has presented the Table 1 which critically
Analyze 15 randomly selected articles. Critical analysis focuses
on presenting the Importance of “Urgent Need of reliable and
approved Vaccination for COVID-19 Novel corona Virus in current
Pandemic.”. The word “COVID-19 Vaccines” is used as search word
in PUBMED, Google Others searches to trace the articles and bring
it for Critical Literature review results. There are currently no [8]
SARS-CoV-2-specific treatments or vaccines available due to the
novelty of the virus. Hence rapid development of effective vaccines
against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed. Here we developed a
pilot-scale production of a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus
vaccine candidate PiCo Vacc which induced SARS-CoV-2-specific
neutralizing antibodies in mice rats and non-human primates.
These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains
suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against SARSCoV-
2 strains. Three immunizations using two different doses
3 μg or 6 μg per dose provided partial or complete protection in
macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge respectively without
observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection [8].
These data support clinical development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
for humans.
The rapid emergence of (Michael Diamond, Theodore Pierson,
2020) a highly pathogenic readily transmissible coronavirus has
resulted in a global pandemic affecting millions and destabilizing
economies. This catastrophe triggered a clarion call for the
immediate deployment of a protective vaccine. We describe
the unique challenges of developing a vaccine against (Michael
Diamond, Theodore Pierson, 2020) SARS-CoV-2 in a pandemic
setting (Table 1). As COVID-19 has triggered [13] enormous
human casualties and serious economic loss posing global threat
an understanding of the ongoing situation and the development
of strategies to contain the virus’s spread are urgently needed.
Currently various diagnostic kits to test for COVID-19 are available
and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19 have shown to
be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies
have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19.
Here we review the current status of epidemiology [13] diagnosis
treatment and vaccine development for COVID-19.
a. Measure and statistical Analysis:(IBM (2006) IBM SPSS
Software USA.) (Figures 5&6)[14].
Results
Author of this article have presented the results by using diagrams from SPSS19 software. After studying and carefully critically reviewing the 21 Articles and other sources and randomly selecting 15 Articles for Urgent Need of reliable and approved Vaccination for COVID-19. First part of the result in Table 1 and SPSS Diagram 1 clearly shows that all 15 randomly selected articles agreed on the urgent need for the production and availability of COVID-19 Vaccine. The second part of the result shows in SPSS Diagram 2 that 12 articles from 15 agrees 100 Percent whereas 3 articles did not discuss the urgent availability of COVID-19 Vaccine. The speed of both the (Limin Yang, Deyu Tian, Wenjun Liu et al, 2020) geographical transmission and the sudden increase in numbers of cases is much faster than SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). COVID-19 is the first global pandemic caused by a coronavirus which outbreaks in 211 countries/territories/areas. The vaccine against COVID-19 regarded as an effective prophylactic strategy for control and prevention is being developed in about 90 institutions worldwide.
The experiences and lessons encountered in the previous SARS and MERS vaccine research can be used for reference in the development of COVID-19 vaccine. The present paper hopes to provide some (Limin Yang, Deyu Tian, Wenjun Liu et al, 2020) insights for COVID-19 vaccines researchers. This review highlights the [15] preventive measures available clinical therapies and the potential of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 by taking into consideration the strong genetic similarities of the 2003 epidemic SARS-CoV. Recent studies are investigating the repurposing of US FDA-approved drugs as there is no available vaccine yet with many attempts under clinical evaluation. Several antivirals antimalarials and immunomodulators that have shown activity against SARSCoV and Middle East coronavirus respiratory syndromes are being evaluated. In particular hydroxy chloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, arbidol, tocilizumab and bevacizumab [15] have shown promising results (Figure 7).
Discussion
Predicting the next source of the [7] pandemic can be very challenging. As vaccination is the best way to prevent an infectious disease the development of an effective vaccine against SARSCoV- 2 can not only reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with it but can also lessen the economic impact. As the traditional method of vaccine development takes many years for a vaccine to be available to the society the vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 should be speeded up using a pandemic approach with fast-track approvals from the regulatory authorities. Various challenges associated with developing a vaccine during the pandemic such as technological hurdles clinical development pathways regulatory issues, and support from global [7] funding agencies are expressed here (Figure 8). Significant progress [16] has been made in the study of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV concerning their natural origins pathogenesis antiviral development and vaccine design. Since SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are closely related previous findings on SARS-CoV are highly relevant to a better understanding as well as diagnosis treatment prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2.
In this review we highlight recent progresses in the field compare the biological characteristics of SARS-CoV and SARSCoV- 2 summarize the urgently-needed diagnostic treatment prevention and control options and provide future perspectives for the outcome of the outbreak and research questions to be answered including some of the difficulties in vaccine development. Hopefully our comments and suggestions would prove useful for the control of the [16] SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in China and the world. The outbreak has led to [17] severe impacts on social health and the economy at various levels. This paper is a review of the significant continuous global effort that was made to respond to the outbreak in the first 75 days. Although no vaccines have been discovered yet a series of containment measures have been implemented by various governments especially in China in the effort to prevent further outbreak whilst various medical treatment approaches have been used to successfully treat infected patients. On the basis of current studies, it would appear that the combined antiviral treatment has shown the highest success rate. This review aims to critically summarize the most recent advances in understanding the coronavirus as well as the [17] strategies in prevention and treatment.
Preliminary evidence suggests [18] children are just as likely as adults to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 but are less likely to be symptomatic or develop severe symptoms. However, the importance of children in transmitting the virus remains uncertain. Most children with SARS-CoV present with fever but this is not the case for the other novel CoVs. Many children affected by MERS-CoV are asymptomatic. The majority of children infected by novel CoVs have a documented household contact often showing symptoms before them. In contrast, adults more often have a nosocomial exposure. In this review we summarize epidemiologic clinical and diagnostic findings as well as treatment and prevention options for common circulating and novel CoVs [17] infections in humans with a focus on infections in children. The vaccine Haller (Jon Cohen, 2020) volunteered to test is made by Moderna a well-financed biotech that has yet to bring a product to market. Moderna and China’s Can Sino Biologics are the first to launch small clinical trials of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 to see whether they are safe and can trigger immune responses. The CanSino vaccine trial also began on 16 March according to researchers from the Chinese military’s Institute of Biotechnology which is collaborating on it. As Science went to press a World Health Organization tally of other [19,20] vaccine candidates that could follow stood at 52.
In the midst of a pandemic it is [21] reasonable to require certain qualities in candidate vaccines as described above and to start phase 1 clinical trials based on preliminary immunogenicity in animals and expanded trials based on human immunogenicity and evidence of protection in animal models. Justifying expansion to thousands of subjects in efficacy trials that is phase 2 and 3 trials could include additional evidence of vaccine safety in animals immunized with limiting doses of vaccine and breakthrough infections after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Judicious evaluation of candidate vaccines in healthy adults in parallel with vaccine studies in animal models and coincident process development to scale-up production capacity provides a path forward with minimal risk to human subjects and the potential for enormous benefit through accelerated [21,22] COVID-19 vaccine availability.
The rapidly developing covid-19 epidemic [20] has stimulated an enormous effort to develop vaccines against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. At least six vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials across the globe with more than 80 other candidates reported to be in preclinical stages. However, the road to successful vaccine licensure is treacherous and only a handful of these vaccines may make it. No vaccines are currently licensed for any of the other coronaviruses affecting humansSARS-CoV-1 MERS-CoV and minor cold viruses. Economic reasons are undoubtedly a major factor for the absence of these vaccines but vaccine design is also a challenge immune response to (Sarah Caddy, 2020) natural coronavirus infections can be short lived.
Conclusion
After seeing the Disaster resulting from COVID-19 Pandemic in last five months all over the world, where almost 370,000 people died and approximately 6 Million people are sick due to COVID-19. There is urgent need of VACCINE of COVID-19 Pandemic and there is news that may be Vaccine could be available in December 2020 or later. The lesson learned is that we in Twenty first century do not have capability to develop immediate Medicines or Vaccines for new disease. We need to study more and Medical Science need more hard work to learn the diseases and their treatment.
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