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Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

December, 2019, Volume 23, 4, pp 17640-17643

Short Communication

Short Communication

Elucidate the Renal Biochemical Factors in Patients with Malaria

Saira Baloch* and Xiaofang Pei

Author Affiliations

West China School of Public Health, No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Received: November 19, 2019 | Published: December 09, 2019

Corresponding author: Saira Baloch, Department of West China School of Public Health, No.4 West China, Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China

DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.23.003943

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the renal biochemical factors in patients with malaria and comparison with healthy control subjects. This study was conducted to compare the renal biochemical factors in patients with malaria and healthy controls. These patients were selected using simple random sampling technique.

Material & Method: Eighty patients were diagnosed with malaria. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination and necessary pathological, biochemical renal laboratory parameters and investigations were done. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was drawn from each patient, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum. The serum samples were analyzed for renal biochemical factors by using kit method on Microlab 300

Result: Among the 80 patients, 43 were males, and 37 were females. All patients were infected with malaria. All patients have increased serum creatinine and urea levels and urine output of fewer than 400 ml/day were categorized as suffering from renal failure.

Conclusion: Patients infected with P. falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications. Further research is necessary to understand the exact pathogenesis of various difficulties encountered in vivax malaria.

Keywords: Malaria; Urea; Creatinine; Microlab300

Short Communication

Malaria, a deadly parasitic disease, is a huge public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, including Pakistan. An unhealthy environment can lead to mosquito breeding, and a poor diet can lead to risk factors such as weak immunity. 300 to 500 million clinical cases of malaria are registered every year, out of which 60% of the cases are registered in sub-Saharan Africa, furthermore, around 80% of malaria deaths also occur in sub-Saharan Africa. One million Africans die due to this deadly disease every year, most of them are children under five years [1]. It was reported that acute renal failure occurs in about 60% of all cases of complicated malaria [2,3]. Serum creatinine is generated from muscle metabolism and passes into the bloodstream and is usually excreted in urine. It is a molecule of the main consequence of manufacturing energy in muscles. About 2% of the body’s creatine is converted to creatinine every day. However, creatinine is transported from the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys filter out creatinine, and it disposes of urine. Because the muscle mass in the body is relatively constant from day to day, the level of creatinine in the blood remains unchanged. Hence, under certain pathological conditions, an elevated blood level of creatinine is observed indicating kidneys malfunction. It is usually a more accurate indicator of kidney function than urea [4]. In the present study, Microlab 300 was utilized to determine Urea and Creatinine levels from the serum of malarial patients as compared with the control subjects.

Material & Methods

This was a case-control study. In this study, blood samples of Malarial and Healthy control subjects were obtained from LUH, Jamsohoro, and City Hospital, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of eighty patients with vivax malaria were recruited in this study, and eighty healthy control group, which was matched with age. To confirm the infection, the microscopic examination was also done and revealed the absence of Plasmodium vivax. These patients were selected using simple random sampling technique. A full medical and history were obtained, and physical examination was performed. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was drawn from each patient, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum. The serum samples were analyzed for urea and creatinine using the kit method on Microlab 300. The kit was obtained from Merck Company, Germany. All the chemicals and reagents obtained were of Analytical grade from Merck Company, Germany.

Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the LUMHS, Jamshoro.

Method and Reaction for Tests with MICROLAB 300

Determination of Urea: 1000 μL of reagent sodium hydroxide (R1) followed by 200 μL reagent picric acid (R2) in a 5ml sample tube containing ten μL blood serum were mixed and allowed to stand for 10 minutes to complete the reaction. The absorbance was measured at wavelength 500-546 nm which showed the relationship between the content of alkaline phosphates.

Determination of Creatinine: 400 μL of reagent Sodium hydroxide (R1) followed by 100 μL reagent Picric acid (R2) in a 5ml sample tube containing 50 μL blood serum are mixed and were allowed to stand for 01 minutes to complete the reaction. The absorbance was measured at wavelength 500-546 nm which showed the relationship between the content of alkaline phosphatase and the absorbance of picric acid formation in a linear manner.

Statistical Analysis: Statistical assessment was done through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results are shown as Mean ± SD. The p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Total 80 Malaria positive cases were studied with Male and Female ratio of which had Plasmodium vivax infection. (Table 1). A clinical renal complication was as per Figure 1. Gender distribution was as per Figure 2 and patients’ age ranged between 25 to 35 years shows in Figure 3. The results show an increased level of urea and creatinine in malarial patients as compared to the control subjects. Figure 1 shows an increased level of serum urea and creatinine in malarial patients as compared to the control subjects. Figures 2 & 3 shows age and gender distribution in patients.

Table 1: Demographic Profile.

Figure 1: Increased Level of Urea and Serum Creatinine.

Figure 2: Gender distribution.

Figure 3: Age distribution.

Discussion

The history and chemical examinations results of the patients of confirmed vivax malaria and falciparum malaria shows the symptoms of fever and headache, Rigors chills, body aches in and vomiting, splenomegaly, pallor of all cases both in vivax and falciparum malaria. Additional symptoms including diarrhea less frequently, low blood pressure of 95/60 mm of Hg, and a pulse of 120 beats/min were also seen in these patients. Specifically, the patients diagnosed with vivax malaria the symptoms with Jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly were admitted in the hospital in which the chemical examination shows decreased level of hemoglobin. It was reported that the high urea in malarial patients that vary considerably as the healthy controls could primarily be because of aspect alike further than malaria and the negative association amongst parasitemia and urea levels. Elevated and average levels of urea and creatinine are signs of insufficiency in renal function [5,6]. In the appearance of all these considerations, serum urea levels don’t replicate the presentation of the renal such as creatinine as urea productivity similarly influences through dehydration, diet consumption, and tissue catabolism. Increases in urea levels in the patients recommend that the normal functioning of the kidneys [7- 9]. In the current study, the 67% of patient had some form of renal involvement. In the same way, other studies have shown comparable results. Few studies have shown that falciparum malaria for 50% of renal damage and vivax malaria for 23% [10].

The percentage of renal involvement is higher in both infection groups. The hemodynamic changes are further malignant in falciparum malaria as the RBC parasitization rate, and microvascular obstruction is higher in falciparum malaria [11]. It was reported that the raised urea levels in patients with malaria which varied significantly from the control subjects the higher urea levels in malaria may be related to factors other than malaria, and there is no positive relationship between blood and urea levels in the parasite, with urea levels very different from those in the control group. Elevated creatinine levels are associated with the density of parasites. Serum creatinine and urea levels are usually adopted for the evaluation of renal sufficiency [12]. Above-average levels of serum creatinine and urea is a sign of kidney function deficiency [13,14]. In acute kidney failure, serum urea increases much faster than creatinine [15]. However, urea level does not indicate the renal function like creatinine does. Urea production could be influenced by drought, food consumption, and tissue metabolism. An increase in serum urea levels is associated with an increase in serotonin levels, indicating the natural function of the kidneys [15,16]. The Specific mechanism of diminishing of renal function in malaria is not well-known. Numerous hypotheses with the mechanical obstacle in infected erythrocytes, immune-mediated glomerular and tubular pathology, fluid loss because of several mechanisms and variations in the renal microcirculation were projected. The pathogenesis of renal contribution is probably mediated by immune complex deposition. A histopathological variation was observed in infected kidneys [16,17].

Conclusion

Patients infected with P. vivax and falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications, as the early diagnosis will significantly reduce the mortality rate. Further studies are needed to understand the exact pathogenesis of various difficulties encountered in vivax malaria.

Author Contribution

Saira Baloch proposed the idea and wrote the paper; data analysis and proofreading the manuscript and done the final editing of the paper. Xiaofang Pei reviewed and improved the quality of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and the manuscript has been approved by all authors for publication.

References

Short Communication

Elucidate the Renal Biochemical Factors in Patients with Malaria

Saira Baloch* and Xiaofang Pei

Author Affiliations

West China School of Public Health, No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Received: November 19, 2019 | Published: December 09, 2019

Corresponding author:Saira Baloch, Department of West China School of Public Health, No.4 West China, Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China

DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.23.003943

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the renal biochemical factors in patients with malaria and comparison with healthy control subjects. This study was conducted to compare the renal biochemical factors in patients with malaria and healthy controls. These patients were selected using simple random sampling technique.

Material & Method: Eighty patients were diagnosed with malaria. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination and necessary pathological, biochemical renal laboratory parameters and investigations were done. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was drawn from each patient, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum. The serum samples were analyzed for renal biochemical factors by using kit method on Microlab 300

Result: Among the 80 patients, 43 were males, and 37 were females. All patients were infected with malaria. All patients have increased serum creatinine and urea levels and urine output of fewer than 400 ml/day were categorized as suffering from renal failure.

Conclusion: Patients infected with P. falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications. Further research is necessary to understand the exact pathogenesis of various difficulties encountered in vivax malaria.

Keywords: Malaria; Urea; Creatinine; Microlab300