Elucidate the Renal Biochemical Factors in Patients with Malaria the Factors in Patients

of malarial patients as compared with the control subjects. Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the renal biochemical factors in patients with malaria and comparison with healthy control subjects. This study was conducted to compare the renal biochemical factors in patients with malaria and healthy controls. These patients were selected using simple random sampling technique. Material & Method: Eighty patients were diagnosed with malaria . Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination and necessary pathological, biochemical renal laboratory parameters and investigations were done. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was drawn from each patient, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum. The serum samples were analyzed for renal biochemical factors by using kit method on Microlab 300 Result: Among the 80 patients, 43 were males, and 37 were females. All patients were infected with malaria. All patients have increased serum creatinine and urea levels and urine output of fewer than 400 ml/day were categorized as suffering from renal failure. Conclusion: Patients infected with P. falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications. Further research is necessary to understand the exact pathogenesis of various difficulties encountered in vivax malaria.


Material & Method:
Eighty patients were diagnosed with malaria. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination and necessary pathological, biochemical renal laboratory parameters and investigations were done. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was drawn from each patient, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum. The serum samples were analyzed for renal biochemical factors by using kit method on Microlab 300 Result: Among the 80 patients, 43 were males, and 37 were females. All patients were infected with malaria. All patients have increased serum creatinine and urea levels and urine output of fewer than 400 ml/day were categorized as suffering from renal failure.

Conclusion:
Patients infected with P. falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications. Further research is necessary to understand the exact pathogenesis of various difficulties encountered in vivax malaria.

Material & Methods
This was a case-control study. In this study, blood samples of Malarial and Healthy control subjects were obtained from LUH, Jamsohoro, and City Hospital, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of eighty patients with vivax malaria were recruited in this study, and eighty healthy control group, which was matched with age. To confirm the infection, the microscopic examination was also done and revealed the absence of Plasmodium vivax. These patients were selected using simple random sampling technique. A full medical and history were obtained, and physical examination was performed. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was drawn from each patient, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum. The serum samples were analyzed for urea and creatinine using the kit method on Microlab 300. The kit was obtained from Merck Company, Germany. All the chemicals and reagents obtained were of Analytical grade from Merck Company, Germany.
Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the LUMHS, Jamshoro.

Method and Reaction for Tests with MICROLAB 300
Determination of Urea:1000 μL of reagent sodium hydroxide (R1) followed by 200 μL reagent picric acid (R2) in a 5ml sample tube containing ten μL blood serum were mixed and allowed to stand for 10 minutes to complete the reaction. The absorbance was measured at wavelength 500-546 nm which showed the relationship between the content of alkaline phosphates.      considerably as the healthy controls could primarily be because of aspect alike further than malaria and the negative association amongst parasitemia and urea levels. Elevated and average levels of urea and creatinine are signs of insufficiency in renal function [5,6].

Determination of Creatinine
In the appearance of all these considerations, serum urea levels don't replicate the presentation of the renal such as creatinine as urea productivity similarly influences through dehydration, diet consumption, and tissue catabolism. Increases in urea levels in the patients recommend that the normal functioning of the kidneys [7][8][9]. In the current study, the 67% of patient had some form of renal involvement. In the same way, other studies have shown comparable results. Few studies have shown that falciparum malaria for 50% of renal damage and vivax malaria for 23% [10].

The percentage of renal involvement is higher in both infection
groups. The hemodynamic changes are further malignant in falciparum malaria as the RBC parasitization rate, and microvascular obstruction is higher in falciparum malaria [11]. It was reported that the raised urea levels in patients with malaria which varied significantly from the control subjects the higher urea levels in malaria may be related to factors other than malaria, and there is no positive relationship between blood and urea levels in the parasite, with urea levels very different from those in the control group. Elevated creatinine levels are associated with the density of parasites. Serum creatinine and urea levels are usually adopted for the evaluation of renal sufficiency [12]. Above-average levels of serum creatinine and urea is a sign of kidney function deficiency [13,14]. In acute kidney failure, serum urea increases much faster than creatinine [15]. However, urea level does not indicate the renal function like creatinine does. Urea production could be influenced by drought, food consumption, and tissue metabolism. An increase in serum urea levels is associated with an increase in serotonin levels, indicating the natural function of the kidneys [15,16]. The Specific mechanism of diminishing of renal function in malaria is not

Author Contribution
Saira Baloch proposed the idea and wrote the paper; data analysis and proofreading the manuscript and done the final editing of the paper. Xiaofang Pei reviewed and improved the quality of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest
No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and the manuscript has been approved by all authors for publication.