ABSTRACT

The best photovoltaic devices or solar cells in use today contain layers of many semiconductors stacked together in order to absorb light in many forms of energy, but they are still manufactured in a way that only allows 40% of the sun’s energy to be used. The currently available solar cells have low efficiencies ranging from (15-20%). However, nanotechnology may help to increase the efficiency of light transmission through the use of nanostructures with a continuum of bandgap. Optical nanoscience’s and nanotechnology in optical devices represent one of the fields of materials science and the connections of these sciences with physics, mechanical engineering, bioengineering, and chemical engineering constitute multiple branches and sub-specialties within these sciences, all of which are related to the investigation of the properties of matter at this small level. The difficulty of nanotechnology lies in the extent to which it is possible to control the atoms after the fragmentation of the materials that make up them. Therefore, they need very accurate devices in terms of their size, measurements, and ways of seeing the particles under examination. The difficulty of reaching an accurate measurement when reaching the level of the atom is another difficulty facing this new emerging science. In addition, there is still controversy and fears about the effects of nanotechnology, and the need to control it.

Keywords: Nano Electronic; Nanophoto Process; Electric –Nano

Introduction

It is expected that photovoltaic processes or devices will have a strong impact on both wastewater treatment and air purification processes, as well as energy storage devices. Where mechanical or chemical methods can be used in the application of effective filtration methods. One class of filtration methods is based on the use of membranes with appropriate pore sizes, allowing the liquid to be compressed across the membrane. Nanoporous membranes are suitable for mechanical filtration with micropores of less than 10 nm (“nanofiltration”) which may consist of membrane nanotubes. Nanofiltration is mainly used in the process of removing ions or separating different liquids. On a larger scale, membrane filtration methods are called nanofiltration, and they work between sizes of 10 to 100 nanometers [1-3]. Perhaps one of the important areas of nanofiltration applications is medical purposes, including the dialysis process. Magnetic nanoparticles provide a reliable and efficient way to remove heavy metal pollutants from wastewater by utilizing magnetic separation methods. Nanoparticles increase the efficiency of the ability to absorb pollutants, in addition, compared to traditional filtration and filtration methods, they are inexpensive. Some of the devices used to treat water using nanotechnology are now presented on the market, but more of them are in the process of being developed and developed. A recent study has demonstrated that low-cost nanomembrane separation methods are effective in producing potable water [4-6].

Electro-Optical Devices

The fabrication of devices that take advantage of the properties of low-dimensional elements such as nanoparticles is a promising field due to the possibility of applying a number of electrophysical, optical and magnetic properties to change the sizes of nanoparticles, which can be controlled during the manufacturing process. For example, in the case of nanopolymers, we can use the properties of turbulent, unstable systems. Here, some of the recent developments in the field of nanopolymers and some of their applications were reviewed. Although there are not enough opportunities for use in this field, there are many limitations as well. For example, the release of drugs using nanofibers cannot be controlled independently and often the mode is an explosive release, when a linear release is required. Hence, let us consider the future features in that field and study them. There is also the possibility of constructing ordered arrays of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. A range of possibilities are also available for fabricating nanocircuit boards [7-9]. There is even a very attractive way to use nano polymers in neutral network applications. Also promising areas for development are optoelectronics and optical computing. The nature of single-band highly permeable metalcontaining nanoparticles with superior paramagnetic behavior can be used to fabricate an optical-magnetic storage medium.

The crystal defects also affect the electrical properties of the nanotube in the electronic device. A common finding is a reduced ability to conduction across the defective area of the tube. A deformation of the Arechia-shaped nanotube (which has the ability to conduct electricity) may cause the surrounding region to become semiconducting rather than electrically conducting, and the single-atom gaps have magnetic properties [10-13]. The crystal deformations clearly and strongly affect the thermal properties of the tube. Such distortions may lead to phonon scattering, which in turn increases the relaxation rate of these phonons, thereby reducing the mean free path and reducing the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube structures. Simulations of phonon transmission indicate that alternative defects such as nitrogen or boron primarily scatter high-frequency optical phonons. However, large distortions such as Stone Wells distortions cause the phonon to scatter over a wide range of frequencies, resulting in an even greater reduction in thermal conductivity [14-17].

Nano-Parts in Electrical Instruments

The non-linear response of smart polymers is what makes them unique and efficient in the field of manufacturing sensitive and electronically efficient nanoparticles in optical devices. A large change in structure and properties can be brought about by a very small stimulus. Once this change occurs, there is no further change, which means that a predictable all-or-nothing response occurs, with perfect uniformity throughout the polymer. Smart polymers may alter the deformation, adhesion, or water-retaining properties, due to small changes in pH, ionic strength, temperature, or other stimuli. Another factor in the effectiveness of smart polymers lies in the inherent nature of polymers in general. The strength of each molecule’s response to changes in stimuli is the composite of changes in individual monomer units, which alone would be weak. However, these weak responses, multiplied hundreds or thousands of times, create significant power to drive biological processes [18-20]. Electronic single-walled nanotubes represent an important variety of carbon nanotubes because they exhibit electrical properties that are not present in the multi-walled nanotube variants. In particular, their bandgap ranges from zero to about 2 eV, and their electrical conductivity shows their metallic or semiconducting properties, while multi-walled carbon nanotubes are zero-gap metals. This makes single-band carbon nanotubes a good candidate for miniaturizing electrons beyond the precise electromechanical scale currently used for electrons. Perhaps the most basic building block of these systems is the electric wire, which makes single-walled carbon nanotubes (SCNTs) an excellent conductor. One of the useful applications of single-walled nanotubes was the development of the first transistors affected by the intermolecular field [21-23].

The Practical Application of Nanotechnology in Optical- Electronic Devices

Many of the electronic applications of carbon nanotubes depend precisely on methods for the production of both semiconductor or optionally metallic carbon nanotubes, preferably having a certain hydrophobicity. Noting that many methods for separating SCTs are known, but most of them are still not suitable for largescale technical processes. The most efficient method is based on a density gradient ultracentrifugation process, which separates surface-coiled nanotubes by a small difference in their density. This difference in density often translates into a difference in the diameters of the nanotubes and their (semi)conducting properties. Another method of separation is the use of a sequence of freezing, thawing, and compression of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SCNTs), which are an integral part of the agarose gel [24-27]. This process yields a solution containing 70% SCNTs and leaves a gel containing 95% SCNTs semiconductor. The dilute solution separated by this method shows many colours. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes can be separated using column chromatography. We note that the output we get is in the form of 95% of the semiconductor single-walled carbon nanotubes and 90% of the metal-type single-walled carbon nanotubes. In addition to the separation of metallic and semiconductor single-walled carbon nanotubes, it is also possible to classify single-walled carbon nanotubes based on length, diameter, and cyclist.

Figure 1: Nano-Wireless for wave sensor.

The highest grading of the highest solution length [28-30], with a length variation of less than 10%, was achieved by size exclusion chromatography of scattered carbon nanotubes in the DNA. The SWCNT diameter separation was accomplished by density-gradient ultracentrifugation through the use of SWCNTs scattered in surfaceactivity factors, and by ion-exchange chromatography of SWCNTs Single-walled nucleic acid was also purified by ion exchange chromatography between single-walled carbon nanotubes and DNA. ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) for DNA-SWNT: Special short DNA oligomers can be used to isolate single-walled carbon nanotube ligands. Hence, 12 s.c. nanotubes have been isolated so far with purities ranging from 70% between (8.3) and (9.5) SWCNTs to 90% for SWCNTs (6.5), (7.5) and (10.5). Successful efforts have been made to integrate these purified nanotubes into devices such as the field transistor, for example. The development and development of selective growth of semiconductor or metallic carbon nanotubes is one alternative to the separation process. A new chemical vapor deposition (CVD) recipe was recently announced that includes a mixture of ethanol and methanol vapors as well as quartz substrates [31-45], all producing horizontally aligned bundles of 95-98% semiconductor carbon nanotubes (Figure 1).

Conclusion

The degree of efficiency of the internal combustion engine has reached between 30-40% at present. However, nanotechnology may improve the combustion rate by designing special catalysts with greater surface area. In 2005, scientists at the University of Toronto developed a sprayable nanoparticle material that, when sprayed onto a surface, instantly transforms it into a solar collector. Nanotubes often grow on nanoparticles of magnetized metals (iron and cobalt), which facilitate the production of electronic devices (based on spin). As the current tuning in such single tube nanotubes is achieved through the field transistor by magnetic field.

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ABSTRACT

The best photovoltaic devices or solar cells in use today contain layers of many semiconductors stacked together in order to absorb light in many forms of energy, but they are still manufactured in a way that only allows 40% of the sun’s energy to be used. The currently available solar cells have low efficiencies ranging from (15-20%). However, nanotechnology may help to increase the efficiency of light transmission through the use of nanostructures with a continuum of bandgap. Optical nanoscience’s and nanotechnology in optical devices represent one of the fields of materials science and the connections of these sciences with physics, mechanical engineering, bioengineering, and chemical engineering constitute multiple branches and sub-specialties within these sciences, all of which are related to the investigation of the properties of matter at this small level. The difficulty of nanotechnology lies in the extent to which it is possible to control the atoms after the fragmentation of the materials that make up them. Therefore, they need very accurate devices in terms of their size, measurements, and ways of seeing the particles under examination. The difficulty of reaching an accurate measurement when reaching the level of the atom is another difficulty facing this new emerging science. In addition, there is still controversy and fears about the effects of nanotechnology, and the need to control it.

Keywords: Nano Electronic; Nanophoto Process; Electric –Nano