Abstract
Qigong has been a part of traditional Chinese medicine [TCM] for thousands of years. Tai chi is a more recent addition to the TCM toolbox. They have been used to treat a wide variety of illnesses. In recent decades they have also been employed to alleviate or reduce the adverse side-effects of chemotherapy and other western medical treatments for cancer and other diseases. Thousands of medical studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of these treatments on a wide range of illnesses. This paper reports on or summarizes dozens of studies where tai chi and/or qigong have been used to reduce or alleviate the adverse side-effects that result from surgery, chemotherapy, and other treatments for cancer. A qigong or tai chi regimen can often reduce fatigue, insomnia, dyspnea, numbness, heartburn, dizziness, psychological distress, cognitive impairment, heart rate variability, recovery time, nausea, pain, discomfort, anxiety and depression, and can increase bone density, self-efficacy, muscular strength, immune function, longevity, ambulatory stability, joint flexibility, and the overall quality of life.
Keywords: Cancer; Qigong; Tai Chi; Taiji; Traditional Chinese Medicine; TCM; Baduanjin
Introduction
Qigong exercises have been practiced for thousands of years to maintain health [1,2]. Although primarily intended to prevent a wide range of illnesses, they are also used by medical practitioners to alleviate pain, discomfort, and various side-effects that result from the treatment of various diseases and illnesses [3-25]. Entire hospitals in China are devoted to the use of qigong to treat disease. Qigong is a subset of tai chi, which is a Chinese martial art as well as a form of exercise. Both are forms of dynamic meditation and are a part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Helen Liang, a Chinese martial artist and cancer survivor, claims to have cured her lymphoma by doing a set of qigong exercises [26- 28] and has made a DVD that includes 15 recommended qigong exercises aimed at those who currently suffer from cancer [29].
Medical practitioners have used a variety of qigong and tai chi exercises to treat their patients for various ailments. Sometimes, programs are customized, using a cafeteria approach of selecting the most appropriate qigong and tai chi exercises to treat specific ailments, while in other cases, practitioners have chosen a set of existing exercises to treat their patients. The most popular set of exercises recommended by practitioners is probably baduanjin [30-33], which consists of eight exercises that stimulate all the major meridians. It is one of the qigong sets that is recommended by the Chinese Health Qigong Association [31]. Other qigong sets recommended by the Chinese Health Qigong Association include Liu Zi Jue [34,35], Wu Qin Xi [36-38], Yi Jin Jing [39-41], Da Wu [42], Shi Er Duan Jin [43], Daoyin Yangsheng Gong Shi Er Fa [44], Mawangdui [45] and Taiji Yangsheng Zhang [46]. Several bibliographies exist that list scholarly articles and books on various aspects of qigong and tai chi [21,22]. There is also a bibliography that lists the citations to recent qigong and tai chi studies on cancer [47]. The present paper summarizes the results of some of those studies.
Methodology
The PubMed.gov database was used to find studies on tai chi, qigong and the prevention and treatment of cancer [48]. The Qigong Institute also has research material on the use of qigong for the treatment of cancer. Their database was used as a secondary source.
Bone Density
One possible side effect of breast cancer treatment is a deterioration in bone strength and balance performance. Fong, et al. [49] studied bone mineral density (BMD), balance performance, balance self-efficacy and falls in breast cancer survivors. Their sample consisted of 40 breast cancer survivors who had more than three months of qigong practice, 17 breast cancer survivors who had not done any qigong exercises, and 36 healthy individuals in the control group. All participants were Chinese women from Hong Kong between the ages of 35 and 85 who had an expected survival of more than one year. The qigong exercises used in the study were the 18-form tai chi qigong forms.
Lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and total radius (BMD) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The activities-specific balance confidence scale was used to assess balance self-efficacy. Face-to-face interviews were used to determine the number of falls experienced by each participant. Participants were also asked to stand on one leg and were timed to determine balance. No significant differences were found among the three groups for the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and total radius (BMD) tests. However, the breast cancer group that practiced qigong exercises outperformed the breast cancer group that did not perform qigong exercises by 27.3 percent in the oneleg stand test (P=0.025) and had better scores in self-efficacy (P=0.006). The number of falls experienced by the three groups was about the same. The study concluded that qigong exercises might be used to improve balance performance and balance selfefficacy of breast cancer survivors.
Breast Cancer
Lee, et al. [50] studied the effect of Chan-Chuang qigong on 67 women in Taipei, Taiwan who were experiencing psychological and symptoms distress who were receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer as outpatients. The experimental group practiced Chan- Chuang qigong for 15 to 60 minutes a day for the first 21 days of chemotherapy treatment, while the control group did not practice qigong at all. The authors described the process as follows:
The study found significant differences between the control and experimental groups in the areas of pain, numbness, heartburn and dizziness. The practice of Chan-Chuang qigong improved symptom distress and part of the psychological distress during chemotherapy.
Chen, et al. [51] examined the effects that qigong had on 96 women between the ages of 25 and 64 who were receiving radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer at a treatment facility in Shanghai, China. The study was conducted in collaboration with faculty from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Women in the qigong group practiced qigong five days a week for 40 minutes over a 5 or 6-week period while undergoing RT. The classes were conducted by a Chinese physician and qigong master, who also gave them DVDs and written instructions, and encouraged them to practice at home on the two days a week when they did not meet with the qigong master. The kind of qigong practiced was a modified form of qigong that was developed by Guo Lin (called Guo-lin New Qigong), which is also referred to as walking qigong [52-55]. Many online videos explain and show the techniques involved [56-63]. Chen, et al. [51] found that, after one month, participants who practiced the qigong exercises had fewer depressive symptoms, less sleep disturbance and fatigue. Overall quality of life improved.
Fong, et al. [64] measured shoulder mobility, muscular strength, and quality of life for female breast cancer survivors in Hong Kong with and without tai chi qigong training. The authors mentioned that the tai chi qigong exercises they used were the 18 Forms Tai Chi Qigong forms mentioned in Mak [65]. Although there were no significant differences in the physical, social/familial, or emotional well-being subscale scores between the experimental and control groups, the experimental group had higher functional well-being subscale scores (p = 0.012) and lower breast cancer specific concern subscale scores (p = 0.036) than the control group. The quality-of-life scores were also significantly higher for the experimental group. The study concluded that tai chi qigong training might improve overall shoulder strength and functional well-being of breast cancer survivors.
Ying, et al. [66] Conducted a study of 86 breast cancer survivors using the eight baduanjin exercises. The exercises were done over a six-month period., three days per week in the hospital and four days per week at home. The result was a positive outcome for both physical and psychological health recovery. Numerous other studies also found that the practice of tai chi qigong exercises had a beneficial effect on various aspects of breast cancer patient survival [67-85]. Most of those studies limited their samples to females with breast cancer. However, at least one study focused on the effect of qigong exercises on male breast cancer survivors [86]. That study found somewhat beneficial psychosocial outcomes. However, the sample size was small.
Cognitive Impairment and Cancer
Campbell, et al. [87] studied the effects of various kinds of exercise, including qigong, on cancer-related cognitive impairment. They studied and synthesized the results of 29 trials. Their conclusion was that more targeted research is needed. Myers, et al. [88] conducted a study evaluating the feasibility of an eight-week qigong intervention to assess cognitive function in breast cancer survivors who were two months to eight years post completion of radiation and chemotherapy. The study found that cognitive function improved the most for the qigong group (p=0.01). The conclusion was that mindfulness exercise may be superior to either gentle exercise alone or survivorship support.
Oh, et al. [89] conducted a study on the effect of medical qigong [MQ] on cognitive function, quality of life, and a biomarker of inflammation in cancer patients. Eighty-one cancer patients participated in the study; 37 of them participated in the MQ program for 10 weeks. The MQ group had significant improvement in cognitive function (p=0.014), had significantly improved quality of life (p<0.001), and had reduced inflammation levels (p=0.042) compared to the control group. Other studies have also found that qigong exercises can have a positive effect on cognitive ability [90,91].
Colorectal Cancer
Lu, et al. [92] examined the effect that baduanjin qigong exercises have on cancer-related fatigue (CRF) on 90 patients having colorectal cancer. After 12 weeks, there were no significant differences between the exercise group and the control group. However, after 24 weeks, the exercise group had significantly better results (p < 0.01). The study concluded that baduanjin exercises can relieve CFR, can improve their physical activity level and their sleep quality. Yan, et al. [93] found that qigong has potent cytotoxic effect on HT-29 cells.
Depression and Cancer
Several studies cited elsewhere in this paper have found that the use of qigong or tai chi has reduced depression in cancer patients. Henshall, et al. [94] found that to be the case for lung cancer patients. Gaik [95] wrote a doctoral thesis examining the effect of Spring Forest Qigong [96] on depression.
Dyspnea and Cancer
Henshall, Allin and Aveyard [94] examined numerous prior studies and found that an exercise regimen often had a significant effect on reducing dyspnea (shortness of breath).
Fall Prevention and Cancer
Fong, et al. [49] found that the practice of qigong might be a suitable exercise regimen to improve balance and self-efficacy for breast cancer survivors. Another Fong, et al. [97] study concluded that the practice of tai chi qigong could improve balance among survivors of nasopharyngeal cancer. De Sousa [98] wrote a master’s degree thesis that examined the effects of qigong on the balance of elderly people. Dr. Paul Lam, a Chinese doctor currently practicing in Australia, developed a Sun style tai chi program to help patients improve their balance [99,100].
Fatigue and Cancer
The practice of tai chi and qigong has been shown to reduce fatigue in a variety of cancer patients. Arring, et al. [101] did a literature review of studies on this topic. Campo, et al. [102] conducted a 12-week qigong intervention program on 40 prostate cancer patients and concluded that qigong exercises were feasible and potentially efficacious in improving their levels of fatigue and distress levels. Henshall, Allin and Aveyard [94] also found qigong exercises to be beneficial in reducing fatigue. Larkey, et al. [103,104] conducted trials using Tai Chi Easy [105] to examine the effects of qigong practice on fatigue and other symptom of female breast cancer survivors. The Tai Chi Easy webpage describes Tai Chi Easy as follows:
Several other studies on the relationship of qigong practice and fatigue in cancer patients have been conducted in recent years [106-111].
Immune Function
Oh, et al. [112] reviewed the effects of medical qigong on quality of life, immune function and cancer patient survival. Their literature review indicated that the application of medical qigong can often be effective in improving immunity, quality of life, and cancer patient survival.
Insomnia and Cancer
Several recent studies have found that tai chi and qigong can improve the quality of sleep in a variety of cancer patients [113- 119].
Joint Mobility
Fong, et al [113] found that a six-month tai chi qigong program improved joint mobility in nasopharyngeal cancer survivors.
Lung Cancer
Several studies on the effects of tai chi and qigong on lung cancer patients have been conducted in recent years. Henshall, et al. [94] examined the literature and found several studies that concluded that the practice of tai chi or qigong could have beneficial effects on fatigue, dyspnea and depression in lung cancer patients. Yan, et al. [120] found that the application of Yan Xin Qigong [121] induces apoptosis and inhibits signaling pathways important for metastasis in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Another Yan et al study [122] found that Yan Xin Qigong induces cell death and gene expression alterations promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, migration and glucose metabolism in small-cell lung cancer cells.
Lymphedema
Panchik, et al. [123] found that qigong can be a safe and effective way to manage the symptoms of those with breast cancer-related lymphedema.
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Fong et al. conducted several studies on the effects of tai chi and qigong on nasopharyngeal cancer [113, 124-127].
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Chuang, Yeh and Chung [128] found that a 21-day Chan-Chuang Qigong program improved the health status of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy
Pain Management
Several studies in addition to those mentioned above have found that tai chi and qigong can aid in pain management of cancer patients [129-133].
Prostate Cancer
Campo, et al. [134] found that levels of fatigue and distress in senior prostate cancer survivors that were enrolled in a 12-week randomized controlled trial. Kinney, et al. [135] found that tai chi qigong promotes recovery from prostate cancer. They combined various qigong movements with simplified tai chi movements, such as Tai Chi Ruler [136], Cloud Hands [137-139] and Wild Goose [140]. McQuade, et al. [141] studied the effects of tai chi and qigong on fatigue and quality of sleep for prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Yan, et al. [142] found that the External Qi of Yan Xin Qigong induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis of androgenindependent prostate cancer cells by inhibiting Akt and NF-kappa B pathways.
Quality of Life
Numerous studies have found that tai chi and qigong can have positive effects on the quality of life for a wide range of cancer patients [143-162].
Recovery and Cancer
Several studies have found that the practice of tai chi and qigong can aid in recovery [163-165].
Rehabilitation
Studies have found that the practice of tai chi and qigong can aid in the rehabilitation.
Other Cancer Research
Readers who are interested in additional studies of the effects of tai chi and qigong on cancer patient treatment can find a listing at the end of the reference section [166-212].
Conclusion
The evidence is clear that the practice of tai chi and qigong can aid in alleviating the negative effects of cancer treatment and can improve patient health in several ways.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Author Bio
Robert W. McGee is a professor in the Broadwell College of Business and Economics of Fayetteville State University, USA. He holds 13 earned doctorates from universities in the United States and four European countries, and has published more than 60 books, as well as more than 700 scholarly papers. He holds black belt/duan rank in eight martial arts, including tai chi, and is a world champion in tai chi (both Sun and Yang styles), taekwondo, kung-fu, karate and qigong.
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- Arring NM, Barton DL, Brooks T, Zick SM (2019) Integrative Therapies for Cancer-Related Fatigue. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) 25(5): 349-356.
- Campo RA, Agarwal N, LaStayo PC, O Connor K, Pappas L (2014) Levels of fatigue and distress in senior prostate cancer survivors enrolled in a 12-week randomized controlled trial of Qigong. Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice 8(1): 60-69.
- Larkey L, Huberty J, Pedersen M, Weihs K (2016) Qigong/Tai Chi Easy for fatigue in breast cancer survivors: Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials 50: 222-228.
- Larkey LK, Roe DJ, Weihs KL, Jahnke R, Lopez AM (2015) Randomized controlled trial of Qigong/Tai Chi Easy on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine 49(2): 165-176.
- Healer Within Foundation.
- Lee Y H, Lai GM, Lee DC, Tsai Lai LJ, Chang YP (2018) Promoting Physical and Psychological Rehabilitation Activities and Evaluating Potential Links Among Cancer-Related Fatigue, Fear of Recurrence, Quality of Life, and Physiological Indicators in Cancer Survivors. Integrative cancer therapies 17(4): 1183-1194.
- Lu Y, Qu HQ, Chen FY, Li XT, Cai L (2019) Effect of Baduanjin Qigong Exercise on Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Oncology research and treatment 42(9): 431-439.
- Mc Quade JL, Prinsloo S, Chang DZ, Spelman A, Wei Q (2017) Qigong/tai chi for sleep and fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Psycho-oncology 26(11): 1936-1943.
- Pachman DR, Price KA, Carey EC (2014) Nonpharmacologic approach to fatigue in patients with cancer. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) 20(5): 313-318.
- Sowada KM (2019) Qigong: Benefits for Survivors Coping with Cancer-Related Fatigue. Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 23(5): 465-469.
- Wu C, Zheng Y, Duan Y, Lai X, Cui S (2019) Nonpharmacological Interventions for Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. Worldviews on evidence-based nursing, 16(2): 102-110.
- Oh B, Butow P, Mullan B, Hale A, Lee MS (2012) A critical review of the effects of medical Qigong on quality of life, immune function, and survival in cancer patients. Integrative cancer therapies 11(2): 101-110.
- Fong SS, Ng SS, Lee HW, Pang MY, Luk WS (2015) The effects of a 6-month Tai Chi Qigong training program on temporomandibular, cervical, and shoulder joint mobility and sleep problems in nasopharyngeal cancer survivors. Integrative cancer therapies 14(1): 16-25.
- Garland SN, Mahon K, Irwin MR (2019) Integrative Approaches for Sleep Health in Cancer Survivors. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) 25(5): 337-342.
- Kim S, Lee S, Kwon O, Park S, Seo J (2015) Qigong program on insomnia and stress in cancer patients: A case series report. SAGE open medical case reports 3: 2050313X14556408.
- Kreutz C, Schmidt ME, Steindorf K (2019) Effects of physical and mind-body exercise on sleep problems during and after breast cancer treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast cancer research and treatment 176(1): 1-15.
- Liu W, Schaffer L, Herrs N, Chollet C, Taylor S (2015) Improved sleep after Qigong exercise in breast cancer survivors: A pilot study. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing 2(4): 232-239.
- Matthews EE, Janssen DW, Djalilova DM, Berger AM (2018) Effects of Exercise on Sleep in Women with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. Sleep medicine clinics 13(3): 395-417.
- Mc Quade JL, Prinsloo S, Chang DZ, Spelman A, Wei Q (2017) Qigong/tai chi for sleep and fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Psycho-oncology 26(11): 1936-1943.
- Yan X, Shen H, Jiang H, Hu D, Wang J, Wu X (2018) YXQ-EQ Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Signaling Pathways Important for Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 49(3): 911-919.
- Yan Xin Qigong.
- Yan X, Li F, Dozmorov I, Frank MB, Dao M, et al. (2012) External Qi of Yan Xin Qigong induces cell death and gene expression alterations promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, migration and glucose metabolism in small-cell lung cancer cells. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 363(1-2): 245-255.
- Panchik D, Masco S, Zinnikas P, Hillriegel B, Lauder T (2019) Effect of Exercise on Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: What the Lymphatic Surgeon Needs to Know. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery, 35(1): 37-45.
- Fong SS, Wong JY, Chung LM, Yam TT, Chung JW (2015) Changes in heart-rate variability of survivors of nasopharyngeal cancer during Tai Chi Qigong practice. Journal of physical therapy science 27(5): 1577-1579.
- Fong SS, Ng SS, Luk WS, Chung LM, Wong JY (2014) Effects of qigong training on health-related quality of life, functioning, and cancer-related symptoms in survivors of nasopharyngeal cancer: a pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014: 495274.
- Fong SS, Chung LM, Tsang WW, Leung JC, Charm CY (2014) Balance Performance in Irradiated Survivors of Nasopharyngeal Cancer with and without Tai Chi Qigong Training. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine eCAM 2014: 719437.
- Fong SS, Ng SS, Luk WS, Chung JW, Leung JC (2014) Effects of a 6-month Tai Chi Qigong program on arterial hemodynamics and functional aerobic capacity in survivors of nasopharyngeal cancer. Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice 8(4): 618-626.
- Chuang TY, Yeh ML, Chung YC (2017) A nurse facilitated mind-body interactive exercise (Chan-Chuang qigong) improves the health status of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy: Randomised controlled trial. International journal of nursing studies 69: 25-33.
- Bao Y, Kong X, Yang L, Liu R, Shi Z (2014) Complementary and alternative medicine for cancer pain: an overview of systematic reviews. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM 2014: 170396.
- Deng G (2019) Integrative Medicine Therapies for Pain Management in Cancer Patients. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) 25(5): 343-348.
- Maindet C, Burnod A, Minello C, George B, Allano G (2019) Strategies of complementary and integrative therapies in cancer-related pain-attaining exhaustive cancer pain management. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 27(8): 3119-3132.
- Omura Y (2004) Special sunrise & sunset solar energy stored papers and their clinical applications for intractable pain, circulatory disturbances & cancer: comparison of beneficial effects between Special Solar Energy Stored Paper and Qigong Energy Stored Paper. Acupuncture & electro-therapeutics research 29(1-2): 1-42.
- Tang SK, Tse M, Leung SF, Fotis T (2019) The effectiveness, suitability, and sustainability of non-pharmacological methods of managing pain in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. BMC public health 19(1): 1488.
- Campo RA, Agarwal N, LaStayo PC, O Connor K, Pappas L (2014) Levels of fatigue and distress in senior prostate cancer survivors enrolled in a 12-week randomized controlled trial of Qigong. Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice 8(1): 60-69.
- Kinney AY, Blair CK, Guest DD, Ani JK, Harding EM, et al. (2019) Biobehavioral effects of Tai Chi Qigong in men with prostate cancer: Study design of a three-arm randomized clinical trial. Contemporary clinical trials communications 16: 100431.
- Tai Chi Ruler Demo. (Video 11:16)
- Introduction to Cloud Hands (from Opening the Energy Gates Qigong). (Video 8:42).
- Tai Chi Chen Cloud Hands Basics (Video 6:22).
- How to Learn Tai Chi Cloud Hands with Easy Rules to Understand the Internal Principles.
- How to get rid of vertigo and nausea - Qigong with Karen Atkins - Wild Goose Flies in the Air (Video 1:48).
- Mc Quade JL, Prinsloo S, Chang DZ, Spelman A, Wei Q, et al. (2017) Qigong/tai chi for sleep and fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Psycho-oncology 26(11): 1936-1943.
- Yan X, Shen H, Jiang H, Zhang C, Hu D, et al. (2008) External Qi of Yan Xin Qigong induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells by inhibiting Akt and NF-kappa B pathways. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 310(1-2): 227-234.
- Chen X, Gong X, Shi C, Sun L, Tang Z (2018) Multi-focused psychosocial residential rehabilitation interventions improve quality of life among cancer survivors: a community-based controlled trial. Journal of translational medicine 16(1): 250.
- Chen Z, Meng Z, Milbury K, Bei W, Zhang Y, et al. (2013) Qigong improves quality of life in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 119(9): 1690-1698.
- Cheng TC, Lee YH, Mar CL, Huang WT, Chang YP (2020) The Health Promoting Mindfulness or Qigong Educational Programs for Beneficial Lifestyle Changes of Cancer Survivors. Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education 35(4): 743-750.
- Fong SS, Ng SS, Luk WS, Chung LM, Wong JY (2014) Effects of qigong training on health-related quality of life, functioning, and cancer-related symptoms in survivors of nasopharyngeal cancer: a pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014: 495274.
- Fong SS, Ng SS, Luk WS, Chung JW, Chung LM (2013) Shoulder Mobility, Muscular Strength, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors with and without Tai Chi Qigong Training. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM, 2013: 787169.
- Huang SM, Tseng LM, Chien LY, Tai CJ, Chen PH (2016) Effects of non-sporting and sporting qigong on frailty and quality of life among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society 21: 257-265.
- Husebø A, Husebø TL (2017) Quality of Life and Breast Cancer: How Can Mind Body Exercise Therapies Help? An Overview Study. Sports (Basel, Switzerland) 5(4): 79.
- Kelley GA, Kelley KS (2015) Meditative Movement Therapies and Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Adults: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses. PloS one 10(6): e0129181.
- King MT, Bell ML, Costa D, Butow P, Oh B (2014) The Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ-C30) and Functional Assessment of Cancer-General (FACT-G) differ in responsiveness, relative efficiency, and therefore required sample size. Journal of clinical epidemiology 67(1): 100-107.
- Lin WF, Zhong MF, Zhou QH, Zhang YR, Wang H (2019) Efficacy of complementary and integrative medicine on health-related quality of life in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer management and research 11: 6663-6680.
- Loh SY, Lee SY, Murray L (2014) The Kuala Lumpur Qigong trial for women in the cancer survivorship phase-efficacy of a three-arm RCT to improve QOL. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 15(19): 8127-8134.
- Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O (2012) Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2012(8): CD007566.
- Oh B, Butow PN, Mullan BA, Clarke SJ, Beale PJ, et al. (2012) Effect of medical Qigong on cognitive function, quality of life, and a biomarker of inflammation in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 20(6): 1235-1242.
- Oh B, Butow P, Mullan B, Hale A, Lee M S (2012) A critical review of the effects of medical Qigong on quality of life, immune function, and survival in cancer patients. Integrative cancer therapies 11(2): 101-110.
- Oh B, Butow P, Mullan B, Clarke S, Beale P (2010) Impact of medical Qigong on quality of life, fatigue, mood and inflammation in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 21(3): 608-614.
- Rosenbaum E, Gautier H, Fobair P, Neri E, Festa B (2004) Cancer supportive care, improving the quality of life for cancer patients. A program evaluation report. Supportive care in cancer: official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 12(5): 293-301.
- Tao WW, Jiang H, Tao XM, Jiang P, Sha LY (2016) Effects of Acupuncture, Tuina, Tai Chi, Qigong, and Traditional Chinese Medicine Five-Element Music Therapy on Symptom Management and Quality of Life for Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of pain and symptom management 51(4): 728-747.
- Tao W, Luo X, Cui B, Liang D, Wang C, et al. (2015). Practice of traditional Chinese medicine for psycho-behavioral intervention improves quality of life in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 6(37): 39725-39739.
- Vanderbyl BL, Mayer MJ, Nash C, Tran AT, Windholz T (2017) A comparison of the effects of medical Qigong and standard exercise therapy on symptoms and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 25(6): 1749-1758.
- Wayne PM, Lee MS, Novakowski J, Osypiuk K, Ligibel J (2018) Tai Chi and Qigong for cancer-related symptoms and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice 12(2): 256-267.
- Carlson LE, Oberoi DV, Qureshi M, Subnis U (2018) Integrative Oncology Trials in the Real World: Assessing the Pragmatism of an Ongoing Integrative Oncology Trial of Mindfulness and Tai Chi/Qigong. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York NY) 24(9-10): 926-932.
- Carlson LE, Zelinski EL, Speca M, Balneaves LG, Jones JM, et al. (2017) Protocol for the MATCH study (Mindfulness and Tai Chi for cancer health): A preference-based multi-site randomized comparative effectiveness trial (CET) of Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery (MBCR) vs. Tai Chi/Qigong (TCQ) for cancer survivors. Contemporary clinical trials 59: 64-76.
- Oberoi D, Piedalue KL, Pirbhai H, Guirguis S, Santa Mina D (2020) Factors related to dropout in integrative oncology clinical trials: interim analysis of an ongoing comparative effectiveness trial of mindfulness-based cancer recovery and Tai chi/Qigong for cancer health (The MATCH study). BMC research notes 13(1): 342.
- Chen X, Gong X, Shi C, Sun L, Tang Z (2018) Multi-focused psychosocial residential rehabilitation interventions improve quality of life among cancer survivors: a community-based controlled trial. Journal of translational medicine 16(1): 250.
- Lee YH, Lai GM, Lee DC, Tsai Lai LJ, Chang YP (2018) Promoting Physical and Psychological Rehabilitation Activities and Evaluating Potential Links Among Cancer-Related Fatigue, Fear of Recurrence, Quality of Life, and Physiological Indicators in Cancer Survivors. Integrative cancer therapies 17(4): 1183-1194.
- Ruddy KJ, Stan DL, Bhagra A, Jurisson M, Cheville AL (2017) Alternative Exercise Traditions in Cancer Rehabilitation. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 28(1): 181-192.
- Browning KK, Kue J, Lyons F, Overcash J (2017) Feasibility of Mind-Body Movement Programs for Cancer Survivors. Oncology nursing forum 44(4): 446-456.
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- Chang PS, Knobf T (2019) Qigong Exercise and Tai Chi in Cancer Care. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing 6(4): 315-317.
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- Chen KW, Turner FD (2004) A case study of simultaneous recovery from multiple physical symptoms with medical qigong therapy. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York NY) 10(1): 159-162.
- Chen K, Yeung R (2002) Exploratory studies of Qigong therapy for cancer in China. Integrative cancer therapies 1(4): 345-370.
- Cho WC (2010) Scientific evidence on the supportive cancer care with Chinese medicine. Zhongguo fei ai za zhi Chinese journal of lung cancer 13(3): 190-194.
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- Kerr C (2002) Translating "mind-in-body": two models of patient experience underlying a randomized controlled trial of qigong. Culture, medicine and psychiatry 26(4): 419-447.
- Klein PJ, Baumgarden J, Schneider R (2019) Qigong and Tai Chi as Therapeutic Exercise: Survey of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Addressing Physical Health Conditions. Alternative therapies in health and medicine 25(5): 48-53.
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- Klein PJ, Schneider R, Rhoads CJ (2016) Qigong in cancer care: a systematic review and construct analysis of effective Qigong therapy. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 24(7): 3209-3222.
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- Larkey L, Kim W, James D, Kishida M, Vizcaino M (2020) Mind-Body and Psychosocial Interventions May Similarly Affect Heart Rate Variability Patterns in Cancer Recovery: Implications for a Mechanism of Symptom Improvement. Integrative cancer therapies 19: 1534735420949677.
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- Lee MS, Yang SH, Lee KK, Moon SR (2005) Effects of Qi therapy (external Qigong) on symptoms of advanced cancer: a single case study. European journal of cancer care 14(5): 457-462.
- Lee MS, Jang HS (2005) Two case reports of the acute effects of Qi therapy (external Qigong) on symptoms of cancer: short report. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 11(3): 211-213.
- Lei XF, B, AH, Zhang ZX, Cheng ZY (1991) The antitumor effects of qigong-emitted external Qi and its influence on the immunologic functions of tumor-bearing mice. Journal of Tongji Medical University Tong ji yi ke da xue bao 11(4): 253-256.
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- Loh SY, Lee SY, Quek KF, Murray L (2012) Barriers to participation in a randomized controlled trial of Qigong exercises amongst cancer survivors: lessons learnt. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 13(12): 6337-6342.
- Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR (2012) Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2012(8): CD008465.
- Overcash J, Will KM, Lipetz DW (2013) The benefits of medical qigong in patients with cancer: a descriptive pilot study. Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 17(6): 654-658.
- Pierce B7 (2007) The use of biofield therapies in cancer care. Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 11(2) 253-258.
- Rachlin K, Moore DH, Yount G (2013) Infrasound sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Integrative cancer therapies 12(6): 517-527.
- Sancier KM (1999) Therapeutic benefits of qigong exercises in combination with drugs. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York NY) 5(4): 383-389.
- Satija A, Bhatnagar S (2017) Complementary Therapies for Symptom Management in Cancer Patients. Indian journal of palliative care 23(4): 468-479.
- Shneerson C, Taskila T, Gale N, Greenfield S, Chen YF (2013) The effect of complementary and alternative medicine on the quality of life of cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Complementary therapies in medicine 21(4): 417-429.
- Sveund Jennifer (2017) The Experience of Qigong Among Women Cancer Survivors. Antioch University. Dissertations & Theses pp. 378.
- Toneti BF, Barbosa R, Mano LY, Sawada, LO, Oliveira IG (2020) Benefits of Qigong as an integrative and complementary practice for health: a systematic review. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem 28: e3317.
- Van Vu D, Molassiotis A, Ching S, Le TT (2017) Effects of Qigong on symptom management in cancer patients: A systematic review. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 29: 111-121.
- Vanderbyl BL, Mayer MJ, Nash C, Tran AT, Windholz T, et al. (2017) A comparison of the effects of medical Qigong and standard exercise therapy on symptoms and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 25(6): 1749-1758.
- Wang FF, Yuan Y, Song YJ, Wu YQ, He Y (2020) Exercise or sport activities for patients with cancer: A protocol for overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Medicine 99(20): e20084.
- White JD, Lin H, Jia L, Wu RS, Lam S (2017) Proceedings of the Strategy Meeting for the Development of an International Consortium for Chinese Medicine and Cancer. Journal of global oncology 3(6): 814-822.
- Yan X, Shen H, Jiang H, Zhang C, Hu D (2006) External Qi of Yan Xin Qigong differentially regulates the Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways and is cytotoxic to cancer cells but not to normal cells. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 38(12): 2102-2113.
- Yun H, Sun L, Mao JJ (2017) Growth of Integrative Medicine at Leading Cancer Centers Between 2009 and 2016: A Systematic Analysis of NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center Websites. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs 2017(52): lgx004.
- Zeng Y, Xie X, Cheng A (2019) Qigong or Tai Chi in Cancer Care: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Current oncology reports 21(6): 48.
- Zeng Y, Luo T, Xie H, Huang M, Cheng AS (2014) Health benefits of qigong or tai chi for cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Complementary therapies in medicine 22(1): 173-186.
- Zhang YP, Hu RX, Han M, Lai BY, Liang SB (2020) Evidence Base of Clinical Studies on Qi Gong: A Bibliometric Analysis. Complementary therapies in medicine 50: 102392.