Abstract

The bacterial cellulose (BC) is a three-dimensional structure of fibrils, which can be easily modified by the incorporation of different type of nanoparticle to make it nanocomposite for biomedical applications. The BC has great potential in terms of water holding capacity, therefore, it can be used as a candidate for drug delivery, including the treatment of injuries, burn wounds, bone & tissue engineering as well as antibacterial material among others. The present development of this innovation into the medical field shows huge potential for nanoparticles loaded bacterial cellulose to turn into a piece of the regular application for several treatments. Conclusively, nanoparticles loaded bacterial cellulose have the great potential to be customizable, the uses of BC/ Nanoparticles in the medical field are infinite.

Keywords: Bacterial Cellulose; Nanoparticles; Wound Dressing; Drug Delivery; Biomedical

Introduction

The different working organizations, government offices at all levels progressively demand the biodegradable materials, to minimize the ecological effect created by the present way of life. Characteristic cellulose-based materials (which are the more rich polysaccharides in nature and incorporate wood, hemp, cotton, among others) have been utilized for quite a while by our general public for these applications because of their wide accessibility, biodegradability, and sustainability [1-3]. Similarly, the investigation and utilization of bacterial cellulose is generally the latest development. Regardless of sharing thoughts, the bacterial cellulose is quite different from the vegetable cellulose. The fibers which are obtained by plants composed of lignin, hemicelluloses, 40% to 70% cellulose, and gelatin. In addition, bacterial cellulose is encompassed to unadulterated cellulosic nanofibers, showing extraordinary immaculateness as well as good quality, exclusive of demanding consequent refining medications [4]. However, due to the special attributes, bacterial cellulose (BC) widely considered in recent research on biomedical applications [5].

Bacterial cellulose which demonstrates web structure, prepared by particular sorts of active bacteria, for example, Salmonella, Sarcina ventriculi, Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Gluconacetobacter, and Pseudomonas [6]. The most efficient and widely used bacteria for the production of bacterial cellulose are considered G. hansenii, G. pasteurianus, and G. xylinum [7]. The cellulose growth begins when microbes polymerize glucose buildups into linear β-1, fourgluconic network with creating a prepositive discharge designed chains. Moreover, microbe accumulated and solidify the chains which go to made strips [8]. Besides, procedure prompts with an arrangement of cognizant thin-film, three-dimensional web of cellulosic material adjusted, which corresponding to the outside fluid medium as illustrating Figure 1. This web-like structure known as a pellicle. Also, its geometry controlled by the intraand intermolecular hydrogen-holding system, hydrophobic and van der Waals linked characteristics [9]. Bacterial cellulose has a crystallographic structure, with up to 90% level of crystallinity [10]. The few hydroxyl networks on bacterial cellulose surface make it a hydrophilic composite that can be used as a wound dressing [11]. Bacterial cellulose nanofibers have a diameter of approximately 20- 100nm and show a surface zone better than that of cellulose which obtained by plants [12].

Figure 1: Preparation of bacterial cellulose to follow 6 days culture process.

It has been investigated that mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose, yielding a normal elasticity of 241.42 ± 21.86MPa, the most elongation of 8.21 ± 3.01% with 6.86 ± 0.32GPa value of Young’s modulus [13]. The functional behavior, elasticity with incredible mechanical characteristics of bacterial cellulose (BC) clearly identified as sufficient for specific uses previously. Moreover, the current requirement for bacterial cellulose items encompasses better characteristics that full-fill the needs in several fields turns out to be progressively clear. The advanced bacterial cellulose composites are resultant of the utilization of nano particles, which are enrich with required properties. However, BC has a nanofibers structure, and such type of advance materials encompass with connection of two nano based materials, known as nanocomposites. Our review study reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles permit the incorporation of practical nano reinforcements, nanofillers, and advance developments into bacterial cellulose, with a specific enthusiasm on those developed materials without upsetting the structure of bacterial cellulose. The nanoparticles which are used to synthesis bacterial cellulose nanocomposite are considered, encompass characteristics with their uses in medical applications.

Uses in Medical Field

Similarly, as different polysaccharides were prepared for biomedical applications, bacterial cellulose as well found a material in which it has a tendency to be considered [14]. Light tissueengineered materials are considering with high enthusiasm for the healing of burns wound, injuries, and tissue substitution. Another recent approach is a nanocomposite of bacterial cellulose with copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles, which provide ultraviolet resistance as well as antibacterial characteristics for medical application which could be utilized for wound dressing [15]. Polyvinyl acetate in a recent study of research considered as a hydrophilic biocompatible polymer, which has considerable properties for biomedical applications. The nanocomposite formation of polyvinyl acetate and bacterial cellulose shows a better lifecycle and biocompatibility with magnificent physical characteristics. It has been explored that grown BC/PVA nanocomposites can supplant cardiovascular tissues because BC/ PVA shows comparative attributes to cardiovascular tissues [16]. There is a technique of freezing-thaw method which sets up a BC/ PVA layer as an artificial cornea substitution.

Figure 2: Bacterial cellulose nanocomposite application for wound dressing.

Meanwhile, its, outcomes demonstrated that BC/PVA nanocomposite enriched with excellent water absorbency, good light transmit ability, ultra-violate absorbency, good thermal property, and excellent mechanical characteristic. The common uses encompass the preparation of BC/polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanocomposites, demonstrated good thermal and mechanical characteristics because of their profoundly interlinked structure. Additionally, they displayed great cell attachment and multiplication properties, making them appropriate for the application of wound dressing and tissue-building [17], as shown in Figure 2. The blend of bacterial cellulose with different added substances offers to ascend to composite for utilization of bone and ligament tissue building. The blending of HAp and Collagen build-up a common bone in an efficient way. At that point, provide extraordinary osteoconductive and bioactivity of Hap. Further, it tends to be functional for tissue building related to bacterial cellulose [18]. The recently prepared BC/HAp nanocomposites with the help culture medium mineral phasing and CMC, in which CMC expansion caused a half decrease in the fibers diameter [19].

The researcher exhibited the biocompatibility as well as cell suitability for prepared materials which utilizing cell cultures of HEK. It likewise has been recommended that the blend of collagen and BC, developed flexible layers which indicated osteoblastic differentiation in vitro [20]. The composite of bacterial cellulose by acetosulfation, confirming cell suitability, cancer prevention agent characteristics, and hemocompatibility of the as-built nanocomposite [21]. Moreover, bacterial cellulose web structure may be utilized on the beginning stage to particular assignments, for example, bone recovery, which demonstrates a micro-sized pores nanocomposite. However, to overcome this issue, it has been set porogen materials like paraffin wax circles and starch of different grain measures in the developing cultures of Acetobacter xylinum [22]. Likewise, detailed that smooth muscle cells moved to the samples with bigger pores diameter across. They encompass 300-500μm paraffin wax microspheres added to BC medium which enhances cell infiltration, by expanding the pore size and presenting cells of osteoprogenitor [23].

So, these types of composites might be of enthusiasm for bone recovery, and it could support osteoblast ingrowth with mineralized tissue developing. An assortment of characteristic materials and manufactured polymers are being prepared, comprising drug, development variables, peptides, as well as different bioactive materials to improve wound healing [24]. Specifically, the utilization of bacterial cellulose as a wound dressing indicated that bacterial cellulose-dressings keep away to moist condition and take into consideration drugs or other bioactive materials to keep in touch with the harmed region [25]. These characteristics can be accomplished by adjusting the specific attributes of BC through basic changes, compound responses, or basically to make the physical blending of structures [26]. Bacterial cellulose nanocomposites have likewise been utilized as medication conveyance frameworks. For example, a dry BC film submerged in benzalkonium chloride (antibacterial) accomplished a 0.116mg/ cm2 medication stacking limit. The outcomes (S. aureus and E. coli) indicated that the medication effects remain up to 24 hours against polluted injuries [27].

The doped bacterial cellulose films with glycerin for topical and transdermal medication conveyance applications has been reported [28]. The moisturizing effect is obtained by glycerin , which helpful for sores with dryness, for example, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. So, the notable tablet excipient is Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) [29]. In this manner, a BC/HPMC composite has been prepared by couture medium with addition of HPMC. The results against utilizing the bacterial cellulose with other materials as tablet excipients illustrate excellent outcomes. So, its recommending that bacterial cellulose is an excellent candidate for carry to utilization of small medication atoms. Therefore, to supplement this point, bacterial cellulose is by all accounts a perfect base material because of its ability to hold water. Another approach, BC encompass polyacrylic corrosive for drug delivery framework. However, composite indicated a pH-delicate arrival of BSA (bovine serum albumin, a model protein) with intestinal pH values. Moreover, such a composite represent the bigger pores charged more bovine serum albumin.

Conclusion

The synthesized nanoparticles loaded bacterial cellulose (BC) can be used as an excellent candidate for several applications in the field of biomedicine; as drug delivery, including the treatment of injuries, burn wounds, bone & tissue engineering as well as antibacterial material among others. The present development of this innovation in the medical field shows huge potential for nanoparticles loaded bacterial cellulose to turn into a piece of the regular application for several treatments. Conclusively, nanoparticles loaded bacterial cellulose have the great potential to be customizable, the uses of BC/Nanoparticles in the medical field are infinite.

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Abstract

The bacterial cellulose (BC) is a three-dimensional structure of fibrils, which can be easily modified by the incorporation of different type of nanoparticle to make it nanocomposite for biomedical applications. The BC has great potential in terms of water holding capacity, therefore, it can be used as a candidate for drug delivery, including the treatment of injuries, burn wounds, bone & tissue engineering as well as antibacterial material among others. The present development of this innovation into the medical field shows huge potential for nanoparticles loaded bacterial cellulose to turn into a piece of the regular application for several treatments. Conclusively, nanoparticles loaded bacterial cellulose have the great potential to be customizable, the uses of BC/ Nanoparticles in the medical field are infinite.

Keywords: Bacterial Cellulose; Nanoparticles; Wound Dressing; Drug Delivery; Biomedical