Abstract

Background: Third-generation computed tomography (CT) has advances in detector efficiency, and newer iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms Objective: To retrospectively compare pediatric brain imaging quality between second- and third-generation CT.

Methods: Image quality was compared between second- and third-generation CT in 51 pairs of age-matched children (age range, 0–5 years) with no abnormal findings. CT images were reconstructed using filtered back-projection (FBP) and IR. The contrastto- noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were calculated at the lentiform nucleus (LN) and white matter (WM). Imaging contrast at the gray–WM interface was rated by two readers.

Results: The CNR and SNR of the LN and WM were significantly higher on thirdgeneration CT than on second-generation CT (mean CNR, 2.51 vs 2.12, p < 0.001; mean SNR for LN, 15.13 vs 12.71, p < 0.001; mean SNR for WM, 12.27 vs 11.12, p = 0.012) when FBP was used. With FBP, both readers rated visually assessed grey–white matter contrast as better on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT (p ≤ 0.002). With IR, the CNR and SNR were significantly higher than with FBP on both generation CT scanners (p < 0.001). The LN CNR was significantly higher on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT (mean, 16.79 vs 15.13, p < 0.001). With IR, visual assessments on third-generation CT were generally better than on second-generation CT.

Conclusion: Imaging quality of the pediatric brain was better on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT. IR may be effective on CT scanners of both generations.

Keywords: Computed Tomography; Children; Head; Brain; Iterative Reconstruction; Contrast

Abbreviations: CT: Computed Tomography; IR: Iterative Reconstruction; AV: Attenuation Value; FBP: Filtered Back-Projection; DLP: Dose-Length Product; ROIs: Regions-of-Interests; LN: Lentiform Nucleus; SD: Standard Deviation; CNR: Contrastto- Noise Ratio; SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio; ICCs: Intraclass Correlation Coefficients

Introduction

Computed tomography (CT) has been widely used as an initial imaging modality for assessment of intracranial lesions or ruling out their presence. It is also widely used for children, because CT can be completed quickly and is widely available [1-9]. The imagequality of CT is important for the initial detection of parenchymal lesions, including hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, infarction, abusive head trauma, and encephalitis/encephalopathy. All of these lesions may show a subtle decreased delineation of the gray–white matter interface [2,10-20], and may be missed on CT with low image quality. Technical progress including improved detectors, filters, and iterative reconstruction (IR) has led to improvements in CT image quality [21-26], while the pediatric-specific adjustment of protocols is also important for imaging quality [27]. Recently introduced third-generation CT includes advances in detector efficiency, improved temporal and spatial resolution, and newer raw data-based IR algorithms [28,29]. In particular, third-generation CT includes new detectors with integrated electronics with contacting technology to reduce the distance between the photodiode and the analog-to-digital converter electronics; this can reduce noise and artifact [30,31]. The image quality of third-generation CT has been reported to show improvements in angiography [28], coronary stent visualization [32], and truncal cancer imaging [33]. However, improvement in the image quality of pediatric unenhanced head CT has been little evaluated. This study therefore aimed to assess the quality of pediatric brain imaging on third-generation CT, comparing it with second-generation CT.

Materials and Methods

Subjects

This retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. In our institution, the radiology department was equipped with third-generation CT and the emergency department was equipped with second-generation CT. Children were scanned when intracranial lesions were suspected or needed to be ruled out after an insult such as head trauma, seizure, or disturbed consciousness, and more children were scanned in the emergency department than in the radiology department. First, a radiologist with 14 years of experience in pediatric neuroradiology reviewed the CT images acquired from April 2016 to May 2018. Children who showed no abnormal intracranial findings and aged ≤ 5 years were included. Infants aged ≤ 2 months were excluded because the Attenuation Value (AV) of white matter changes in the developing brain [34]. CT examinations with severe motion artifact were also excluded. On the third-generation CT, 67 CT examinations performed during the period were identified as having no abnormal findings, although seven examinations were excluded because of the results of followup examinations.
Children were also excluded because of severe motion artifact (n = 6), and reduced radiation doze due to the assessment for the skull (n = 3). Finally, 51 children (mean age, 2.3 ± 1.8 years; range, 3 months–5 years) with third-generation CT examinations were included in the analysis. During the same period, 201 CT examinations performed on second-generation CT were identified as having no abnormal findings. Seven examinations were excluded because of the results of follow-up examinations, and further children were excluded because of severe motion artifact (n = 1), or thin-slice reconstruction (n = 28), leaving 165 children as potential study candidates for the second-generation CT. From these 165 children, 51 were randomly selected (mean age, 2.3 ± 1.9 years; range, 3 months–5 years), while ensuring age-matching with the children in the third-generation CT group.

CT Examination

In the emergency department, CT was performed on a secondgeneration CT (SOMATOM Definition AS+, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany). Infants were fixed with an immobilizer and CT scans were generally performed without sedative agents, although triclofos sodium syrup was used for sedation when necessary. The scan parameters included: field-of-view, 220 mm; collimation, 128 × 0.6 mm; pitch, 0.6; tube voltage, 120 kVp; and rotation speed, 0.5 s. Real-time automatic mAs-modulation software (CARE Dose 4D, Siemens Healthcare) was used to reduce radiation exposure. CT images were reconstructed using filtered back-projection (FBP) and IR (sinogram-affirmed IR [SAFIRE]) with a strength level of 2. In the radiology department, CT was performed on a third-generation CT scanner (SOMATOM Definition Force, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany) with the following parameters: field-of-view, 220 mm; tube voltage, 120 kVp; rotation speed, 0.5 s; collimation, 192 × 0.6 mm; pitch, 0.8; and tube current set according to the child’s age: 245 mAs for 0-1 years-of-age, 285 mAs for 2-4 years, and 320 mAs for 5-6 years. CT images were reconstructed using FBP and IR (advanced modeled IR [ADMIRE]) with a strength level of 2. Pitch was altered according to the child’s condition: if a child seemed to be restless in the scanner, the pitch was slightly raised. All CT images were reconstructed parallel to the orbitomeatal line with a slice thickness of 5 mm in 5-mm increments. The tube current and CDTIvol based on a 16-cm phantom were noted. As the Dose-Length Product (DLP) varied because of variation in the scanned area, which included the face, jaw and cervical spine in some children, it was not assessed in this study.

CT Quantitative Image Analysis

Regions-of-interests (ROIs) were placed in the lentiform nucleus (LN) and nearby frontal white matter (WM). ROIs were placed by a radiologist with 14 years of experience in pediatric neuroradiology, and the mean AV and standard deviation (SD) were measured for each ROI (Figure 1). Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were calculated using the following formulae:

CNR = (AV_LN – AV_WM) / [(SD_LN² + SD_WM²)]^1/2 SNR = AV / SD

where AVLN and AVWM are the mean AVs in ROIs in LN and WM respectively, and SD_LN and SD_WM are the SDs in ROIs in LN and WM respectively:
ROIs were placed on both hemispheres, and the final CNR and SNR were determined by averaging the values from both sides.

Qualitative Image Analysis

Two radiologists with 9 and 6 years of experience in neuroradiology independently reviewed the CT images, blinded to information on the scanner used or the reconstruction method. Three slices were selected for image evaluation: the level of the semiovale center, the basal ganglia, and the fourth ventricle. Image quality was assessed with respect to gray–white matter contrast using the following grades: 0 = no recognition; 1 = slight recognition; 2 = moderate recognition; and 3 = good recognition.

Statistical Analysis

All statistical data were analyzed using MedCalc version 18.5 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium). A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data were not normally distributed. The scan parameters were compared between second- and third-generation CT using Mann-Whitney test. Values for CNR, SNR, and the assessed scores were compared between second- and third-generation CT using Mann-Whitney tests. The effects of IR on the images from each scanner were assessed by comparing the CNR, SNR, and the visually assessed scores between FBP and IR using Wilcoxon tests. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Interobserver agreements were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). ICCs were interpreted using the following criteria reported by Landis and Koch [35]: 0.01-0.20, slight agreement; 0.21-0.40, fair agreement; 0.41-0.60, moderate agreement; 0.61-0.80, substantial agreement; and 0.81-1.0, near-perfect agreement.

Results

Scan Parameters

Tube current on second- (256.4 ± 30) and third-generation CT (262.0 ± 28.1 mAs) did not significantly differ (p = 0.35). CTDIvol on second- (36.9 ± 4.4) and third-generation CT (37.4 ± 5.2 mGy) did not significantly differ (p = 0.99). The helical pitch on thirdgeneration CT (0.89 ± 0.17) was significantly higher than that on second-generation CT (0.61 ± 0.08) (p < 0.001).

Qualitative Analysis

Table 1 summarizes the CNRs and SNRs of the CT images reconstructed by FBP and IR on each scanner. The CNR and SNR for the LN and WM on FBP were significantly higher on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT (p ≤ 0.012). However, with IR, only the SNR of the LN was significantly higher on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT (p < 0.001); the CNR and the SNR of WM were not significantly different between second- and thirdgeneration CT (p > 0.05). Comparison of FBP and IR images showed that the CNR and SNR of the LN and WM were significantly higher on IR than on FBP on both generation CT scanners (all p < 0.001). On second-generation CT, when IR was used, the average CNR, SNR of the LN and WM were respectively 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.29-1.40), 1.19 (1.16-1.23), and 1.18 (1.13-1.23) fold greater than those on FBP. On third-generation CT, the respective IR values were on average 1.15 (1.12-1.17), 1.11 (1.08-1.15), and 1.12 (1.06-1.17), and fold greater than those on FBP.

Quantitative analysis

Table 2 summarizes the visually assessed scores for gray– white matter contrast at each slice level on both scanners. Visual assessment of contrast on FBP images resulted in significantly higher scores on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT, at each slice level and for both readers (p ≤ 0.002; Figure 2). Visual assessment of contrast on IR images at the level of the semiovale center and basal ganglia showed significantly higher scores on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT for both readers (p ≤ 0.038; Figure 3). However, the contrast scores for the level of the fourth ventricle did not significantly differ between second- and third-generation CT for either reader (p > 0.05). In the comparison between FBP and IR, the scores for the gray–white matter contrast at the level of the semiovale center, basal ganglia, and the fourth ventricle were significantly higher with IR than with FBP on the second-generation CT, for both Reader 1 (all p values < 0.001) and Reader 2 (p = 0.012, 0.001, and 0.007, respectively), whereas on third-generation CT, IR images were not significantly different to FBP images for either reader (all p > 0.05). Substantial agreements were obtained for the inter-reader scores using FBP, with the mean ICCs of the scores for the contrast at the level of the semiovale center, basal ganglia, and the fourth ventricle being 0.78, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively. With IR, moderate inter-reader agreement scores were obtained, with mean ICCs for the contrast at each slice level being 0.52, 0.67, and 0.56, respectively

Discussion

Using FBP for image reconstruction, we found higher CNR, SNR, and gray–white matter contrast of the pediatric brain on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT. Generally, the imaging quality of CT depends on the scanner system and scanning protocol. The former includes the scanner detector, reconstruction filters, and IR. As the tube current and CTDIvol did not significantly differ between second- and third-generation CT in this study, the better imaging quality with FBP on the third-generation CT may be associated with the better scanner detector system. This better imaging quality on third-generation CT may improve lesion detectability, although we did not assess this in the current study. Previously, image quality on third-generation CT was reported to be better than that on second-generation CT with respect to contrast-enhanced imaging [33,36,37] and stent lumen visibility [32]. Regarding contrast-enhanced CT, the availability of high tubecurrent on third-generation CT provides noise reduction, thus resulting in improvement of the CT image quality, particularly at the low tube-voltage used on contrast-enhanced CT [38].
The improved stent lumen visibility on third-generation CT in comparison with second-generation CT was considered to be due to hardware improvements and new reconstruction techniques. Our results suggest that third-generation CT also achieves better imaging quality for unenhanced pediatric head CT in comparison with second-generation CT. This may lead to future reductions in the radiation dose. Although there has been a tendency for reduction of the radiation dose in recent years [27], a standard imaging quality for pediatric use has not become well established [39]. In the future, appropriate reduction of the radiation dose should be assessed alongside lesion detectability. In this study, the use of IR improved the CNR and SNR on both generation CT scanners. It should be noted that the IR on the second- and third-generation CT scanners used different algorithms: the second-generation CT used SAFIRE for IR, and the third-generation CT used ADMIRE. SAFIRE is a raw data-based IR technique, whereas ADMIRE performs detailed modeling in the projection data domain, resulting in less noise and improved artifact suppression [40].
IR has been reported to improve the image quality of pediatric head CT acquired on both 64-slice multidetector CT and secondgeneration CT [21,23]. We suggest that IR has the same effect for pediatric unenhanced head CT on third-generation CT Nam et al. [41] compared the image quality of CT angiography of young children reconstructed by SAFIRE and ADMIRE, and considered that image quality was better using ADMIRE than SAFIRE. In this study, the degree of improvement in CNR and SNR was less on the third-generation CT than on the second-generation CT. In addition, visual assessment did not show a significant score difference between FBP and IR on third-generation CT, although CNR and SNR were improved. This lack of significant improvement may be due to good CT imaging quality with FBP on the third generation CT, resulting in there being little space for improvement using IR. As the CT images were obtained on different groups of children, we could not compare the same imaging data between second and third-generation CT in this study.
Thus, differences resulting from the different IR methods could not be clearly evaluated. However, with FBP reconstruction, second generation CT may contain more noise than third-generation CT, and it may therefore be better to routinely use IR for pediatric head CT on second-generation scanners, to ensure adequate image quality, including gray–white matter contrast. The appropriate setting of the strength level for IR remains a subject of debate. IR with a greater strength level more effectively reduces noise on CT; however, the greater strength level may cause over smoothing of CT images [42,43]. Previous studies with contrast-enhanced CT showed better imaging quality with a high IR strength setting [40]. In the current study, we used IR with a strength level of 2, according to previous studies [21,44]. Although we did not compare CT image quality with other IR strength levels, we believe the use of a moderate IR strength level may be suitable for pediatric head CT.

With regard to the influence of IR and FBP on the imaging quality of anatomical features, the visually assessed scores at the level of the semiovale center, basal ganglia, and fourth ventricle did not differ greatly on the second-generation CT with both FBP and IR, whereas on third-generation CT the visually assessed scores were higher at the level of the semiovale center, followed by the levels of the basal ganglia and the fourth ventricle with both FBP and IR. In both scanners, score improvement on IR over that on FBP was relatively low at the level of the fourth ventricles compared with the supratentorial level. This may be due to the fact that the infratentorial structures are surrounded by thick bonystructure, which leads to less effective IR. In particular, the ADMIRE reconstruction may be less effective for improving imaging quality in the posterior fossa. This study is subject to a number of limitations. Although we compared pediatric brain imaging quality between second- and third-generation CT, we did not compare the same subjects between the two scanners. Although we compared age-matched children, conditions such as resting at the scanner differed across the children. We also only assessed the contrast of brain parenchyma in the normal brain; thus, lesion detectability should be investigated in the future. Finally, although the imaging factors were not significantly different between scanners, except for the pitch, the imaging parameters did show slight differences between the second- and third-generation CT, and these might have slightly affected image quality.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the image quality of pediatric brain CT was superior on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT, particularly when FBP reconstruction was used. IR may be effective for improving the contrast between gray and white matter on both generation CT scanners.

Acknowledgement

We thank radiology technicians at Tokai University Hospital for their skillful help.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

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Abstract

Background: Third-generation computed tomography (CT) has advances in detector efficiency, and newer iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms Objective: To retrospectively compare pediatric brain imaging quality between second- and third-generation CT.

Methods: Image quality was compared between second- and third-generation CT in 51 pairs of age-matched children (age range, 0–5 years) with no abnormal findings. CT images were reconstructed using filtered back-projection (FBP) and IR. The contrastto- noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were calculated at the lentiform nucleus (LN) and white matter (WM). Imaging contrast at the gray–WM interface was rated by two readers.

Results: The CNR and SNR of the LN and WM were significantly higher on thirdgeneration CT than on second-generation CT (mean CNR, 2.51 vs 2.12, p < 0.001; mean SNR for LN, 15.13 vs 12.71, p < 0.001; mean SNR for WM, 12.27 vs 11.12, p = 0.012) when FBP was used. With FBP, both readers rated visually assessed grey–white matter contrast as better on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT (p ≤ 0.002). With IR, the CNR and SNR were significantly higher than with FBP on both generation CT scanners (p < 0.001). The LN CNR was significantly higher on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT (mean, 16.79 vs 15.13, p < 0.001). With IR, visual assessments on third-generation CT were generally better than on second-generation CT.

Conclusion: Imaging quality of the pediatric brain was better on third-generation CT than on second-generation CT. IR may be effective on CT scanners of both generations.

Keywords: Computed Tomography; Children; Head; Brain; Iterative Reconstruction; Contrast

Abbreviations: CT: Computed Tomography; IR: Iterative Reconstruction; AV: Attenuation Value; FBP: Filtered Back-Projection; DLP: Dose-Length Product; ROIs: Regions-of-Interests; LN: Lentiform Nucleus; SD: Standard Deviation; CNR: Contrastto- Noise Ratio; SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio; ICCs: Intraclass Correlation Coefficients