Short CommunicationAbstract
Backgroud: Periodontal treatments need for a better results mucoadhesive formulas.
Polymeric excipients of mucoadhesive formulas attach to mucus allowing the delivery
of actives ingredients. Evaluation of the mucous permeation and cession is essential to
determinate topical formula stability, bioavailability and effectiveness.
Aim: This work has the aim to study the physical chemicals and organoleptic
characteristics, stability, permeability and cession of a formulation with EGF and Hyaluronic
acid for the application in gingival tissue.
Method: Three different formulas were developed with mucoadhesive polymer. pH,
viscosity and extensibility were measured during the time where formula was stressed
to environmental conditions of temperature and humidity to study its stability and
homogeneity in the time. Emulsion formula was elected like best formulation. Emulsion
was studied with Franz cells to evaluate the EGF cession and permeation. Protein such us
EGF contains aromatic groups with 275 nm absorbance peak. Protein also has absorbance
peak at 220-230 nm due to its peptide bond.
Result: Comparing UV-VIS absorbance at different times point it decrease along time.
For cession absorbance data for 24 hours could implicate protein is stable during this time.
The date obtained show that the chicken pouch membrane had complicated compound
than nylon membrane and EGF could interaction with its.
Conclusion: Mucoadhesion polymers provide appropriate extensibility and viscosity
to increase active ingredient delivery and contact surface. Formulation design includes the
evaluation and the screening of the stability and bioactivity efficacy. Due to laboratory results
of different assays (viscosity, extensibility, stability, cession and permeation), emulsion was
selected to use in periodontitis treatment for a pilot study.
Keywords: Mucoadhesive; EGF; HA; Periodontitis
Short Communication
Periodontal treatments include mucoadhesive formula such as films, gels, viscous solutions and spray [1]. Gingival tissue is covered by keratinized mucosa and mucus to protect it against physical and chemical damage [2]. Polymeric excipients of mucoadhesive formulas attach to mucus a glycoprotein polymer and create bonds between itself and biological membrane [3]. Junctions increase retainment time and permeability of drug in gingival tissue. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been uses in pharmaceutical industry [4] due to it biocompatibility, mucoadhesivity, macromolecular size, viscosity and hygroscopicity [5]. Recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) haven been used in experimental and clinical investigation of dermatitis defects. EGF is a signalling peptide present in mammalian stimulating cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. EGF ligand-receptor binding activates tyrosine kinase cascade increasing intracellular calcio, glycolysis, gene expression and protein synthesis enhancing cells motility and adhesiveness [6]. It is essential to manteain homeostatic balance between epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation [7]. The aim of this work was to design, perform and evaluate a mucoadhesive topical formula to improve periodontitis defects. Actives ingredients were hyaluronic acid and EGF. Hyaluronic acts as EGF transport. The three formulas with different mucoadhesive polymers were designed and analysed its stability and extensibility. The efficacy of selected formula to treat periodontitis was evaluated in a randomized controlled clinical pilot study [8].
Materials and Methods
Semisolid FormulationsThree topical formulation were designed hydrogel, emulsion and liposome emulsion (Table 1).
Table 1: Three formulas composition.
Homogeneity of formulas was determinate by centrifugation test. Physical properties are kept constant in stable formulas. Samples were warmed up to 40 0C and centrifugated at 3000 rpm during 30 minutes. (Hermle, model: Z36HK). Extensibility measure semi-solid formulation surface covering. Extensometer apply pressure to 300±0.200 mg of sample. Stability of emulsion was analysed by cold/heat cycles assay. pH, viscosity organoleptic properties were measure before and after process. Viscosity of formulas were measures with fungilab, modelSmart. The spindle used was R7 at 100 rpm. Viscosity were determinate through 3 measurements. Cession and mucosal permeation of EGF were measured by diffusion cells process with Franz Cells [9].
Result and Discussion
Organoleptic properties, previous stability and extensibility were measured for three formulations. Emulsion final formula was white with moderate viscosity, sticky and adhesively. Liposome emulsion was yellow, not sticky and greasy. Hydrogel was transparent viscosity, soft and fresh. Emulsion, liposome emulsion and hydrogel final formula kept homogeneity after previous stability test. Extensibility determines availability and efficacy of topical formula active ingredients. High extensibility improves local active ingredients delivery and mucoadhesive polymers attachment to gingival tissue. Hydrogel and liposome emulsion had similar extensibility. Emulsion extensibility is higher than other formula. It was determinate with aspect, pH and viscosity parameter of emulsion. Initial pH was 5.95 for emulsion, 5.68 for liposomated emulsion and 5.53 for hydrogel. Viscosity (mPas) was 16401 for emulsion, 30932 for liposomated emulsion and 6789 for hydrogel. Organoleptic properties were stable during the process. pH mean was 5.9±0.05 without significative variation at different times. Aspect and pH homogeneity show stable formulation. Based on laboratory results emulsion semi-solid formulation was select. Cession and mucosal permeation were evaluated with Franz cells system.
Cell diffusion system indicates the effectiveness of semi-solid formulation to release its active ingredients to be transport to mucosa. Aliquots from receptor compartment were collected at three times (30 minutes, 3 hours and 24 hours) and analysed by UV-VIS absorbance. This work evaluated the EGF cession and permeation included in emulsion formula. Aromatic side-chains residues (Trp, Tyr and Phe) of proteins surface has UV absorbance in 240-300nm region [10]. EGF surface has tyrosine residues (Tyr13 and Tyr37) [11,12], that may have an absorbance peak at 275nm when pH is neutral. Thus, we supposed UV-VIS absorbance peak of EGF was 275 nm. EGF (10 ppm) ultraviolet spectrum (Figure 1) showed low absorbance intensity at 275 nm and high peak at 220 nm. Lower peak at 275 nm may be because low concentration of protein and low absorbance power of tyrosine. High peak at 220 nm was not analysed. Equation was Y = 0.0009X + 0.0265. Regression line was accurate based on regression coefficient (R² =0.9554). Concentration for EGF in two assays cession and permeation was calculated with regression equation.
Figure 1: EGF absorbance spectrum (10 ppm).
Absorbance in both blank and emulsion aliquots was higher in chicken pouch membrane than nylon membrane. For nylon membrane, EGF concentration increase with time (1.67·105 ppm at 24 hours and 2.31·104 at 24 hours) (Figure 2A). For chicken membrane after 3 hours concentration was (1.81·104) and at 24 hours (3.81·105) (Figure 2B). We hypothesized increasing of absorbance intensity at 240-260 nm range in cession and permeation spectrums could be related with denaturalization of EGF. Protein crossing through membrane could altered its protein structure and cysteine residues of its three internal disulphide bond would be exposed and had ultraviolet absorbance at 260 nm [12]. Nylon membrane spectrum has a higher absorbance range at 260-300 nm than chicken pouch membrane.
Figure 2: A. Three point time aliquos absorbance at 275 nm in cession assay and B. Permeation assay.
Conclusion
Physical and organoleptic properties of a semi-solid formulation are essential in formula designing. Mucoadhesion polymers provide appropriate extensibility and viscosity to increase active ingredient delivery and contact surface. Due to laboratory results of different assays (viscosity, extensibility and stability), emulsion was selected to use in periodontitis treatment.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest related to the presented case. The company Inves Biofarm had facilitated the product for this study.
Acknowledgment
This study is a part of a PhD work in the Program of Pharmacy University of Granada.
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