Abstract

The present article is a part of the larger research “Linguistic structure of binomial botanical denominations– specific epithet”, based on “Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora”, fourth revised and updated edition, Sofia, 2012. The article is focused on the specific epithets indicating different geographical objects relating to spreading or origin of the plants. According to the ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) “The name of a species is a binary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by a single specific epithet in the form of an adjective, a noun in the genitive, or a word in apposition, or several words, but not a phrase name of one or more descriptive nouns and associated adjectives in the ablative” (Chapter III, Section 4, Article 23.1).

Introduction

The specific epithets indicating a geographical object could be represented in the following groups:

• Epithet – An adjective agreed with the generic name by gender, number, case,
• Epithet – Another noun in the Nominative (apposition),
• Epithet – A noun in the Genitive,
• Epithet – Composite name consisting of two hyphenated words

Epithet – An Adjective Agreed with The Generic Name by Gender, Number, Case

1. ester place of growth and distribution (limosus, nemorosus, umbrosus, campester, rupester, silvester). There are also single adjectives formed through suffix -atil- place of growth (aquatilis, fluviatilis, saxatilis), -ari- pertaining to (arenarius, riparius, salinarius), -id- (aridus), -en- originated from (damascenus), -itim- belonging to (maritimus) [11-24]. In the Festuca genus there are two separate species whose specific epithets are formed from one root but with different suffixes: Festuca pirinensis and Festuca pirinica – evidently to distinguish in lexical level two closely related species. The highest frequency of use have the following specific epithets:

• Arvensis, e (35);
• Alpinus, a, um (34); alpestris, e (8);
• Palustris, e (27); paludosus, a, um (3); paludisiformis, e (1);
• Montanus, a, um (25);
• Bulgaricus, a, um (22);
• Maritimus, a, um (19); marinus, a, um (5);
• Orientalis, e (19);
• Thracicus, a, um (17);
• Rhodopaeus, a, um (15); rhodopeius, a, um (7); rhodopensis, e (2);
• Sylvaticus, a, um (15); sylvester, tris, tre (13);
• Austriacus, a, um (14);
• Pratensis, e (13);
• Rumelicus, a, um (12); rumeliacus, a, um (1); rumelianus, a, um (1);
• Graecus, a, um (12);
• Europaeus, a, um (11);
• Creticus, a, um (11);
• Aquaticus, a, um (10);
• Balcanicus, a, um (10);
• Campester, tris, tre (10);
• Pannonicus, a, um (10);
• Saxatilis, e (10).
• Pirinicus, a, um (7); perinicus, a, um (1); perinensis, e (1); pirinensis, e (1).

Some epithets, deriving from animal names, point to the habitat, typical for the particular species: bufonius (pertaining to toads, hospitable for toads, i.e.growing in wet places); capreus (relating to goats); ursinus (from localities inhabited by bears).

 

1. Compound Adjectives – 8 epithets. In two genera, specific epithets, expressed by derivative and compound adjectives, are found to highlight specific features of the species: alpinopilosus and pilosus (Luzula), fontanosquameus and fontanus (Taraxacum). Two other epithets contain the word formative element -formis meaning "distribution area": paludosiformis and turfosiformis. Among the epithets, indicating area of spread or origin, there are several groups of synonyms formed through different word-formative methods: arenarius – arenaster – arenosus; monspeliacus – monspeliensis – monspessulanus; nemoralis – nemorensis – nemorosus; paludosus – paluster – paludosiformis; rumelicus – rumeliacus – rumelianus; rhodopaeus – rhodopeius – rhodopensis; silvaticus – silvester – silvicolus      Another fact to be noted is the presence of doublet variants for the same name, due to different transcriptions of names of foreign origin – drymeius and drymejus (δρῦς – tree, especially oak); epigaeus and epigeios (ἐπίγαιος – ground, on the ground); perinicus and pirinicus, perinensis and pirinensis (from Pirin mountain); strandjensis and stranjensis (from Strandzha mountain); ucranicus and ucrainicus (Ukrainian); halepensis and aleppicus (from Aleppo – a city in Northern Syria); volgensis and wolgensis (from Volga river).

 

1. Spelling Note: the adjective silvester, tris, tre (silva – forest) is misspelt sylvester; the same mistake is found in the derivative silvaticus (except Calystegia silvatica), while the compound adjectives silvicolus and semisilvaticus, containing the same morpheme silv- are correctly spelt (Taraxacum silvicolum, Hieracium semisilvaticum).

 

1. acarnanicus, a, um – from Acarnania (Acarnania – a region of west-central Greece).

• Polygala (Accepted name; literally: Milkwort from Acarnania)

2. adrianopolitanus, a, um – Adrianopolitan (Adrianopolis – an old name for the city of Edirne, Turkey; literally: the city of Hadrian).

• Verbascum (Accepted name; literally: Adssrianopolitan mullein; Balkan endemic)

3. aegaeus, a, um – Aegean, from the archipelagos of the Aegean Sea.

• Galium (Accepted name; literally: Aegean bedstraw; Balkan endemic)
• Lotus (Accepted name; literally: Aegean bird's-foot-trefoil)

4. aegyptiacus, a, um – Egyptian.

• Helianthemum (Egyptian rockrose)
• Orobanche (Egyptian broomrape)

5. aetnensis, e – from Mount Etna (Etna – active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy).

• Sedum (Accepted name; literally: Etna stonecrop)

6. aetolicus, a, um – from Aetolia (Aetolia – mountainous region in West Greece).

• Viola (Accepted name; literally: Aetolica violet)

7. afer, afra, arum – from Africa, African.

• Plantago (Psyllium-plantain, Glandular plantain, Black psyllium)
• Ptilostemon (Grecian thistle)

8. africanus, a, um – from Africa, African.

• Malcolmia (African mustard)

9. agrarius, a, um – of fields, relating to the cultivated plants.

• Euphorbia (Urban spurge)

10. agrestis, e – of or belonging to fields, relating to the uncultivated plants.

• Rosa (Small-leaved sweet-briar, Field briar)

11. aitosensis, е – from Aitos (Aitos – a city in South-East Bulgaria).

• Astracantha (synonym of Astracantha arnacantha subsp. aitosensis; Bulgarian endemic)
• Poa (Unresolved name; Bulgarian endemic) The record derives from Tropicos which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym (record 25525461) with original publication details: 1983

12. albanicus, a, um – Albanian, originally from Albania, in the broadest sense of the term, also used for species from Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece, Montenegro up to Slovenia.

• Lilium (Albanian lily)

13. albanus, a, um – the term derives from the ancient Albanian doors (Pylae Albaniae), in the Russian Dagestan but is generally used for species of the Russian Caucasus or Georgian or Persian or of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cappadocia etc.

• Thymus (synonym of Thymus praecox – Mother of thyme)

14. aleppicus, a, um – from Aleppo (in Northwestern Syria near the Mediterranean Sea).

• Euphorbia (Aleppo spurge)

15. alexandrinus, a, um – from Alexandria, Egypt.

• Trifolium (Egyptian clover, Berseem clover)

16. alpester, ris, re – alpine.

• Caltha (synonym of Caltha palustris – Marsh-marigold)
• Epilobium (Whorled-leaved willowherb)
• Lathyrus (Accepted name; literally: Alpine vetchling; Balkan endemic)
• Myosotis (Alpine forget-me-not)
• Polygala (Alpine milkwort)
• Rhodax (synonym of Helianthemum cinereum)
• Sedum (Alpine stonecrop)
• Trifolium (Owl-head clover, Purple-globe clover)

17. alpinus, a, um – alpine, growing at high mountains.

• Acinos (Rock thyme, Alpine rock-thyme)
• Arabis (Alpine rockcress)
• Armeria (Alpine thrift)
• Arum (Mountain arum)
• Aster (Alpine aster)
• Bartsia (Alpine bartsia, Velvetbells)
• Cachrys (Accepted name)
• Campanula (Alpine bellflower)
• Cerastium (Alpine mouse-ear, Alpine chickweed)
• Cicerbita (Alpine sow-thistle, Alpine blue-sow-thistle)
• Circaea (Alpine enchanter's nightshade, Small enchanter's nightshade)
• Clematis (Alpine clematis)
• Cystopteris (Alpine bladder-fern)
• Danthonia (Accepted name; literally: Alpine oat-grass)
• Diphasiastrum (Alpine clubmoss)
• Erigeron (Alpine fleabane)
• Homogyne (Alpine coltsfoot, Purple colt's-foot)
• Juncus (synonym of Juncus alpinoarticulatus – Northern green rush)
• Leontopodium (Edelweiss)
• Linum (Alpine flax)
• Petrorhagia (Accepted name)
• Phleum (Alpine cat's-tail, Alpine timothy, Mountain timothy)
• Poa (Alpine meadow-grass, Alpine bluegrass)
• Potamogeton (Alpine pondweed, Red pondweed)
• Pritzelago (Chamois cress)
• Rhamnus (Alpine buckthorn)
• Rhinanthus (Alpine yellow rattle)
• Ribes (Mountain currant, Alpine currant)
• Rumex (Monk's-rhubarb, Alpine dock, Mountain-rhubarb)
• Scutellaria (Alpine skullcap)
• Silene (Unclear name status; literally: Alpine catchfly)
• Stachys (Limestone woundwort)
• Thesium (Alpine bastard-toadflax)
• Veronica (Alpine speedwell)

1. alpino-pilosus, a, um – alpine and hairy.

• Luzula (Alpine woodrush)

2. lsaticus, a, um – of Alsace, Alsatian (Alsace – a historical region in Eastern France, on the west bank of upper Rhine).

• Orobanche (Alsace broomrape, Duose broomrape)
• Peucedanum (Accepted name)

3. americanus, a, um – of the Americas (Northern, Central or Southern), American.

• Fraxinus (White ash, American ash)
• Phytolacca (American pokeweed, Pokeweed)

4. amphibius, a, um – growing both in and out of water.

• Persicaria (Water smartweed, Longroot smartweed, Amphibious bistort)
• Rorippa (Great yellowcress)

5. anatolicus, a, um – of or from the Pontus (also called North Anatolian) Mountains, Turkey.

• Genista (Accepted name; literally: Anatolian broom)
• Minuartia (Anatolian sandwort)
• Polygala (Accepted name; literally: Anatolian milkwort)
  1. ap(p)enninus, a, um – of or from the Apennines (The Apennines, Apennine mountains – a mountain range in Italy).
• Anemone (Blue anemone)
• Potentilla (Accepted name; literally: Apennine cinquefoil)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Apennine dandelion)

6. apulus, a, um – from Apulia (Apulia, today Puglia – a region in Southern Italy).

• Neatostema (Yellow gromwell)
• Papaver (Accepted name; literally: Apulian poppy)
• Tordylium (Mediterranean hartwort)

7. aquaticus, a, um – growing in or close to the water.

• Asteriscus (Accepted name; “Golden star”)
• Catabrosa (Water whorlgrass)
• Limosella (Water mudwort)
• Mentha (Water mint)
• Myosoton (Giant chickweed)
• Oenanthe (Fineleaf water dropwort, Fine-leaved water dropwort)
• Phalaris (Bulbous canary-grass, Harding grass)
• Rumex (Scottish dock)
• Senecio (Water ragwort)
• Subularia (Water awlwort)

8. aquatilis, e – growing in water.

• Ranunculus (Common water-crowfoot, White water-crowfoot, White water buttercup)

9. arabicus, a, um – of or from Arabia.

• Aethionema (Accepted name; literally: Arabic stonecress)
• Fumana (Arabian cistus)
• Medicago (Spotted medick, Spotted burclover, Heart clover)

10. ardanus, a, um – from Ardana (probably the epithet derives from Ardana – a village in Northern Cyprus).

• Salix (Unresolved name) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 75: 148 2006.

11. arenarius, a, um – sandy (a reference to the sandy habitat).

• Ammophila (European marram grass, European beachgrass)
• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Sandy knapweed)
• Ceratocarpus (Accepted name)
• Helichrysum (Dwarf everlast, Immortelle)
• Onobrychis (Hungarian sainfoin)
• Onosma (Accepted name)
• Orobanche (Wormwood broomrape)
• Peucedanum (Accepted name)

12. arenastеr, stra, strum – sandy (with negative hue).

• Polygonum (Equal-leaved knotgrass, Common knotweed)

13. arenosus, a, um – very sandy.

• Cardaminopsis (Sand rock-cress)

14. aridus, a, um – dry, parched (probably referring to the growth environment).

• Dianthus (synonym of Dianthus pallidiflorus)

15. armeniacus, a, um – Armenian (Armenia – a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia).

• Muscari (Armenian grape hyacinth, Garden grape-hyacinth)

16. arvensis, e – of farmed or cultivated land, field.

• Acinos (Basil thyme)
• Anagallis (Blue-scarlet pimpernel, Red chickweed, Poorman's barometer,Shepherd's weather glass)
• Anthemis (Corn chamomile, Mayweed, Field chamomile)
• Aphanes (Parsley-piert)
• Asperula (Blue woodruff)
• Bromus (Field brome, Schrader's brome)
• Buglossoides (Field gromwell, Corn gromwell, Bastard alkanet)
• Calendula (Field marigold)
• Cerastium (Field mouse-ear, Field chickweed)
• Cirsium (Creeping thistle, Field thistle)
• Convolvulus (Field bindweed)
• Equisetum (Field horsetail, Common horsetail)
• Gagea (synonym of Gagea minima; literally: Field star-of-Bethlehem)
• Knautia (Field scabious)
• Linaria (Corn toadflax)
• Logfia (Field cottonrose)
• Lycopsis (Small bugloss, Annual bugloss)
• Melampyrum (Field cow-wheat)
• Mentha (Corn mint, Field mint, Wild mint)
• Myosotis (Field forget-me-not)
• Nigella (Field fennelflower)
• Ononis (Field restharrow)
• Polycnemum (Field needleleaf, Soft needleleaf)
• Ranunculus (Corn buttercup)
• Rosa (Field rose)
• Sherardia (Field madder)
• Sinapis (Wild mustard, Charlock, Field mustard)
• Sonchus (Field milk thistle, Field sowthistle, Corn sow thistle)
• Spergula (Corn spurry)
• Thesium (Field bastard-toadflax)
• Thlaspi (Field penny-cress)
• Torilis (Spreading hedge parsley, Tall sock-destroyer, Common hedge parsley)
• Trifolium (Hare's-foot clover, Rabbitfoot clover, Oldfield clover)
• Veronica (Wall speedwell, Corn speedwell, Common speedwell)

17. asenovgradensis, e – from Asenovgrad (Asenovgrad – a town in South Bulgaria).

• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Hawkweed from Asenovgrad)

18. astracanicus, a, um – of the Astrakhan region, near the Caspian Sea.

• Potentilla (Astracan cinquefoil)

19. atticus, a, um – from Attica (the classical name for the area surrounding the city of Athens).

• Erigeron (Greek fleabane)
• Merendera (synonym of Colchicum atticum; Balkan endemic)
• Minuartia (synonym of Minuartia verna subsp. attica; literally: Attic sandwort)
• Thymus (Accepted name; literally: Greek thyme)

20. australis, e – of the south, southern.

• Astragalus (Indian milkvetch)
• Celtis (European nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry, Lote tree)
• Hierochloë (Southern sweet-grass)
• Phragmites (Common reed)
• Scandix (Southern shepherd’s-needle)
• Tulipa (Southern tulip)
• Utricularia (Yellow bladderwort)

21. austriacus, a, um – Austrian (the Republic of Austria – a country in Central Europe).

• Anthemis (Austrian chamomile)
• Artemisia (Austrian wormwood)
• Astragalus (Austrian milkvetch)
• Chamaecytisus (synonym of Cytisus austriacus)
• Conringia (Austrian hare's ear mustard)
• Doronicum (Austrian leopard's bane)
• Linum (Asian flax)
• Peucedanum (Giant hog fennel, Milk parsley)
• Pleurospermum (Accepted name)
• Rorippa (Austrian fieldcress)
• Salvia (Austrian sage)
• Scorzonera (Accepted name; literally: Austrian viper’s-grass)
• Sorbus (Austrian whitebeam)
• Veronica (Broadleaf speedwell, Austrian speedwell, Large speedwell)

22. avellanus, a, um – from Abella (Avella Vecchia, a town in Campania north of Nola, formerly renowned for its hazelnuts).

• Corylus (Common hazel)

23. badensis, e – from Baden (Lower Austria).

• Poa (Baden’s bluegrass)

24. baeoticus, a, um – from Boeotia (a regional unit of Greece, northwest of Athens).

• Triticum (Accepted name; literally: Wheat from Boeotia)

25. balcanicus, a, um – from the Balkan region (Balkan – mountain range of the Balkan peninsula).

• Acanthus (Balkan bear’s breeches; Balkan endemic)
• Delphinium (Accepted name; literally: Balkan larkspur; Balkan endemic)
• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Balkan fescue)
• Haplophyllum (Unresolved name; Balkan endemic) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which reports it as an unplaced name with original publication details: Magyar Bot. Lapok 4: 264 1905.
• Pinguicula (Balkanian butterwort; Balkan endemic)
• Scabiosa (Accepted name; literally: Balkan pincushion)
• Silene (Accepted name; literally: Balkan campion)
• Stipa (synonym of Stipa pennata – European feather grass)
• Tragopogon (Accepted name; literally: Balkan goatsbeard)
• Viola (Accepted name; literally: Balkan violet; Bulgarian endemic)

26. balcanus, a, um – Balkan (see balcanicus).

• Barbarea (Balkan yellow rocket)

27. baldensis, e – from Monte Baldo, overlooking Lake Garda on the Verona side.

• Bupleurum (Small hare’s ear)

28. banaticus, a, um – from Banat (Banat – geographical and historical region in Central Europe, currently divided among Romania, Serbia and Hungary).

• Cerastium (Accepted name; literally: Banat mouse-ear chickweed)
• Chamaecytisus (synonym of Cytisus austriacus subsp. heuffelii)
• Echinops (Blue globe-thistle)
• Oenanthe (Accepted name; literally: Banat dropwort)
• Verbascum (Accepted name; literally: Banat mullein)

29. bandericensis, е – from Banderitsa (Banderitsa – a river in South Bulgaria).

• Alchemilla (Accepted name; literally: Banderitsa lady’s mantle; Balkan endemic)

30. barbarus, a, um – foreign.

• Lycium (Chinese wolfberry, Chinese boxthorn, Himalayan goji, Barbary matrimony vine)

31. barcensis, e – from Bárcaság (a historic and ethnographic region in Southeastern Transylvania, Romania).

• Bromus (synonym of Bromus riparius – Meadow brome)

32. bavarus, a, um – Bavarian (Bavaria – federal state of Southeastern Germany).

• Thesium (Accepted name)

33. belogradcensis, e – from Belogradchik (Belogradchik – a town in Northwestern Bulgaria).

• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Hawkweed from Belogradchik; Bulgarian endemic)

34.  bessarabicus, a, um – Bessarabian (Bessarabia – a historical region in Eastern Europe, between the Dniester river and the Prut river).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Bessarabian dandelion)

35. bihariensis, e – from Bihar county (Bihar – a historical region located in Northwestern Romania and a small part in Eastern Hungary).

• Melampyrum (Accepted name; literally: Bihar cow-wheat)

36. bithynicus, a, um – from Bithynia (Bithynia – a historical region of Asia Minor on the Sea of Marmara and on the Black Sea with capital Nicomedia, today Izmit).

• Crepis (Accepted name; literally: Bithynia hawksbeard)
• Scilla (Turkish squill)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Bithynia dandelion)

37. bohemicus, a, um – Bohemian (Bohemia – a historical region in the present-day Czech Republic).

• Fallopia (Bohemian knotweed)
• Gagea (Early star-of-Bethlehem, Radnor lily)
• Geranium (Hardy geranium)

38. bon(n)ariensis, e – from the modern Latin Bonaria (Buenos Aires): from Buenos Aires (Argentina).

• Conyza (Hairy fleabane)

39. bononiensis, e – from Bononia, today Bologna (Bologna – a city in Northern Italy).

• Campanula (Accepted name; literally: Bononia bellflower)

40. borealis, e – the adjective derives from the Greek βορέας (Boreas – Greek god of the north wind), thence: north, northern.

• Galium (Northern bedstraw)

41. borovezus, a, um – from Borovets (Borovets – popular mountain resort situated on the northern slopes of Rila mountain, Bulgaria).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Dandelion from Borovets)

42. borysthenicus, a, um – from the Greek Βορυσθένης Borysthenes river (today Dnieper or Dnepr in the territory of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine; the same name was also given to the Greek colony of Olbia built on the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Dnieper).

• Middendorfia (Accepted name)
• Silene (Accepted name; literally: Borysthenic catchfly)
• Stipa (synonym of Stipa pennata – European feather grass)

43. bosniacus, a, um – Bosnian (Bosnia – a country of the Western Balkans).

• Minuartia (Bosnian sandwort)

44. britannicus, e – Britannic (of Britain or the British empire).

• Inula (British yellowhead, Meadow fleabane)

NB! Dioscorides and Pliny have used the name βρεττανική for this plant, but it has never found on the territory of Great Britain

45. brutius, a, um – Calabrian (by the name of an ancient people inhabiting the region Calabria in Italy).

• Callitriche (Pedunculate water-starwort)
• Geranium (Mediterranean crane's-bill)
• Pinus (Turkish pine, Calabrian pine, Brutia pine)

46. bufonius, a, um – pertaining to toads; growing in wet places.

• Juncus (Toad rush: a probable reference to the habitat of this plant that is hospitable for the toads)

47. bulgaricus, a, um – Bulgarian (Bulgaria – a country in Southeast Europe).

• Alchemilla (Bulgarian lady’s mantle)
• Betonica (synonym of Stachys officinalis – Common hedgenettle, Betony; Bulgarian endemic)
• Carex (= Carex sempervirens var. bulgarica; literally: Bulgarian sedge)
• Gentianella (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian dwarf gentian)
• Cerastium (synonym of Cerastium gracile – Slender chickweed)
• Cirsium (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian thistle)
• Cleistogenes (synonym of Cleistogenes serotina)
• Cnicus (synonym of Centaurea benedicta – Blessed thistle)
• Eranthis (synonym of Eranthis hyemalis; literally: Bulgarian winter aconite; Balkan endemic)
• Erysimum (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian wallflower)
• Geum (Bulgarian avens)
• Jasione (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian sheep’s-bit)
• Jurinea (Accepted name)
• Limonium (Unresolved name; literally: Bulgarian sea-lavender; Bulgarian endemic) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: in Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 8: 483 1982.
• Minuartia (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian sandwort; Bulgarian endemic)
• Oenothera (Unresolved name; literally: Bulgarian evening-primrose) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: Thaiszia 8: 122 1998.
• Pyrus (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian pear; Bulgarian endemic)
• Scrophularia (Unresolved name; literally: Bulgarian figwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: in Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 10: 106 1995.
• Serratula (Bulgarian saw-wort; Balkan endemic)
• Seseli (Accepted name; Balkan endemic)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian dandelion)
• Thymelaea (Accepted name; Bulgarian endemic)

48. burgasensis, e – from Burgas (Burgas – a city in Southeast Bulgaria, on the Black Sea coast).

• Dianthus (synonym of Dianthus moesiacus)

49. bythinicus, a, um – see bithynicus.

• Vicia (Bithynian vetch)

50. byzantinus, a, um – Byzantine, from Byzantium (Constantinople, today Istanbul, Turkey).

• Avena (Algerian oat)
• Chaerophyllum (Accepted name)
• Knautia (Accepted name)

51. calcareus, a, um – growing on limestone soils.

• Chamaecytisus (Accepted name)

52. cambricus, a, um – from Wales, Welsh (Cambria – Latin form of the Welsh Cymru, i.e. Wales).

• Polypodium (Southern polypody, Welsh polypody)

53. campester, tris, tre – growing uncultivated in the plains, fields.

• Acer (Field maple)
• Alyssum (synonym of Alyssum alyssoides – Pale madwort, Yellow alyssum)
• Artemisia (Field wormwood, Field sagewort, Field mugwort)
• Cuscuta (Field dodder, Golden dodder)
• Eryngium (Field eryngo)
• Ferulago (synonym of Ferulago galbanifer)
• Lepidium (Field pepperwort, Field pepperweed)
• Luzula (Field wood-rush, Good Friday grass)
• Oxytropis (Field locoweed, Yellow oxytropis)
• Trifolium (Hop trefoil, Field clover, Low hop clover)

54. canadensis, e – from Canada and also North America.

• Conyza (Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, Marestail)
• Elodea (Canadian or American waterweed, Canadian pondweed)
• Populus (Canadian poplar, Carolina poplar)
• Solidago (Canada goldenrod, Canadian goldenrod)

55. canariensis, е – from the Canary Isles.

• Phalaris (Canary grass)

56. cantabricus, a, um – from Cantabria (a region in Northern Spain to the Pyrenees).

• Convolvulus (Cantabrican morning glory)

NB! A probable mistake in the grammatical form of the adjective – it should be cantabricus because the noun convolvulus is masculine gender.

57. capreus, a, um – pertaining to goats.

• Salix (Goat willow, Great sallow: the specific epithet probably is related to the habitat of this species)

58. caricus, a, um – from Karya (an area in Asia Minor, from which the plant Ficus originates).

• Ficus (Common fig)

59. carinthiacus, a, um – Carinthian (Carinthia – southernmost Austrian land).

• Ranunculus (Carinthian buttercup)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Carinthian dandelion)

60. carniolicus, a, um – from Carniola (ancient province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today Slovenia).

• Eleocharis (Accepted name; literally: Carniolic spike-rush)
• Polygala (synonym of Polygala nicaeensis subsp. carniolica; literally: Carniolic milkwort)

61. carolinianus, a, um – from Carolina (North and South, both states of the USA.)

• Azolla (Eastern mosquito fern)
• Modiola (Carolina bristle-mallow)

62. carpaticus, a, um – from the Carpathians (a mountain range in Central and Eastern Europe, in Moldavia and Transylvania).

• Anthemis (Snow carpet)
• Saxifraga (Carpathian saxifrage)
• Tozzia (Carpathian tozzia)

63. carstiensis, е – from karst region (Karst – a limestone plateau in Slovenia).

• Medicago (Accepted name; literally: Karst medick)

64. cassubicus, a, um – relating to the Kassubi, Slavic population of Northern Poland (Kashubia or Cassubia – the region around Gdansk).

• Ranunculus (Kashubian buttercup)
• Vicia (Kashubian vetch)

65. castellanus, a, um – Castilian (Castile – a historical region of Spain).

• Agrostis (Highland bent)

66. caucasicus, a, um – Caucasian (Caucasus – a mountain range between the Black and Caspian Seas, giving its name to the historical and geographic area of the Caucasus).

• Matricaria (synonym of Matricaria breviradiata; literally: Caucasian chamomile)

67. cenisius, a, um – from Mont Cenis (alpine pass in the Cottian Alps, between France and Italy).

• Poa (Accepted name; literally: Mont Cenis meadow-grass)

68. chalepensis, e – see aleppicus.

• Linaria (Mediterranean toadflax)

69. chius, a, um – from Chios (a Greek island in the Aegean Sea).

• Ranunculus (Eastern buttercup)

70. cilianensis, e – originated from Cigliano (a municipality in Piedmont, Northern Italy).

• Eragrostis (Stinkgrass, Gray lovegras)

71. colchicus, a, um – from Colchis (an ancient region on the southeast coast of the Black Sea, known for its poisons).

• Ilex (Colchic holly, Black Sea holly)

72. collinus, a, um – hilly; growing on hills.

• Achillea (Accepted name; literally: Hilly yarrow)
• Arabis (Rosy cress)
• Dianthus (Accepted name; literally: Hilly carnation)
• Epilobium (Hill willowherb)
• Goniolimon (synonym of Goniolimon incanum)
• Scleranthus (synonym of Scleranthus annuus subsp. verticillatus – German knotgrass)

73. cornubiensis, e – from Cornubia (the old name of the English Cornwall), Cornish.

• Physospermum (Cornish bladderseed)

74. cous, a, um – from Kos (a Greek island in the Southeastern Aegean Sea).

• Cyclamen (Eastern sowbread)

75. cretensis, e – Cretan, from Crete (Crete – a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea).

• Hypochaeris (Accepted name; literally: Cretan cat’s ear)

76. creticus, a, um – from Crete island, Cretan.

• Anthemis (Mountain dog-daisy)
• Arenaria (Cretan sandwort)
• Bryonia (Cretan bryony)
• Cirsium (Cretan thistle)
• Coronilla (synonym of Securigera cretica – Cretan crownvetch)
• Cressa (Crete alkaliweed)
• Cynoglossum (Blue hound's tongue)
• Eryngium (Cretan eryngo)
• Hedypnois (Crete weed)
• Silene (Cretan catchfly)
• Stachys (Cretan hedgenettle)

77. cumanus, a, um – from Cuma (an ancient town of Campania, Italy).

• Orobanche (Sunflower broomrape)

78. dacicus, a, um – from Dacia (ancient Roman province mostly on the territory of modern Romania).

• Carex (synonym of Carex nigra subsp. dacica; literally: Dacia sedge)
• Viola (Accepted name; literally: Dacia violet)

79. dalmaticus, a, um – Dalmatian, from Dalmatia (historical region of Croatia on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula).

• Festuca (Dalmatian fescue)
• Goniolimon (Accepted name)
• Linaria (Balkan toadflax, Broadleaf toadflax, Dalmatian toadflax)
• Micromeria (synonym of Clinopodium dalmaticum)
• Vicia (synonym of Vicia tenuifolia subsp. dalmatica; literally: Dalmatian vetch)
• Trifolium (Balkan clover)

80. damascenus, a, um – from Damascus (the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic).

• Nigella (Love-in-a-mist, Ragged lady, Devil in the bush)

81. damianicensis, e – relating to Demyanitsa (Demyanitsa – a river in the Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria).

• Alchemilla (Accepted name; literally: Demyanitsa lady’s mantle)

82. danubialis, е – growing near to the Danube (the second-longest navigable river in Europe).

• Chamaecytisus (synonym of Cytisus austriacus)

83. deborensis, е – from Debar (Debar – a town in the western part of the Republic of North Macedonia).

• Sambucus (Unresolved name; Balkan endemic) The record derives from Tropicoswhich does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym (record 6000020)

84. dinaricus, a, um – relating to Monte Dinara (a mountain massif in the Dinaric Alps on the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina); Albanian.

• Hesperis (Accepted name)
• Knautia (Accepted name; literally: Albanian widow flower)

85. diospolitanus, a, um – from Yambol (Diospolis, literally "the city of Zeus", is one of the ancient names of the town of Yambol, in Southeastern Bulgaria).

• Centaurea (Unclear name status; literally: Knapweed from Yambol)

86. dobrogensis, e – from Dobrudja (a historical and geographic region in Eastern Europe, located on the territory of present Bulgaria and Romania).

• Dianthus (Accepted name; literally: Pink from Dobrudja)

87. dolopicus, a, um – from Dolopia (a mountainous region of Greece, located north of Aetolia).

• Hieracium (synonym of Hieracium bosniacum subsp. dolopicum)

88. domesticus, a, um – of or from the house, domesticated.

• Prunus (European plum)
• Sorbus (Service tree, Sorb tree)

89. domingensis, e – from Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo – the state capital).

• Typha (Southern cattail, Cumbungi)

90. dorius, a, um – Doric, from the Dorida (Dorida – a region in Central Greece inhabited by the Dorians).

• Senecio (Golden ragwort)

NB! A probable mistake in the grammatical form of the adjective – it should be dorius because the noun senecio is masculine gender!

91. drymeius, a, um or drymejus, a, um – of the oak woods (a reference to the habitat favoured by the species).

• Festuca drymeja (Accepted name)
• Knautia drymeia (Hungarian widow flower)

92. emersus, a, um – going to the surface, emerging.

• Sparganium (European bur-reed, Unbranched bur-reed)

93. engadinensis, e – from the Engadine valley in the Rhaetian Alps in Switzerland.

• Gentianella (Accepted name; literally: Engadine dwarf gentian)

94. epigaeus, a, um or epigeios – growing on the land.

• Calamagrostis epigeios (Wood small-reed, Bushgrass)
• Campanula epigaea (synonym of Campanula patula subsp. epigaea)

95. etruscus, a, um – Etruscan (Etruria – an ancient region on the territory of today Tuscany, Italy).

• Lonicera (Etruscan honeysuckle)

96. euboeus, a, um – from Euboea (Euboea – a Greek island in the Western Aegean Sea).

• Bupleurum (Accepted name)

97. europaeus, a, um – from Europe, European.

• Asarum (European wild ginger, Asarabacca, Hazelwort, Wild spikenard)
• Cuscuta (Greater dodder, European dodder)
• Evonymus (European spindle, Common spindle)
• Heliotropium (European heliotrope, European turn-sole)
• Hordelymus (Wood-barley)
• Loranthus (European loranth)
• Lycopus (Gypsywort, European bugleweed, European water horehound)
• Plumbago (Common leadwort)
• Salicornia (Common glasswort, Glasswort)
• Sanicula (Wood sanicle, Sanicle)
• Trollius (European globeflower, Globe flower)

98. euxinus, a, um – relating to the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus – the Latin name of the Black Sea).

• Campanula (Unresolved name; literally: Pontic bellflower; Bulgarian endemic) The record derives from Tropicos(data supplied on 2012-04-18) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym (record 5504005).
• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Pontic knapweed)
• Silene (synonym of Silene dichotoma subsp. euxina – Forked catchfly)
• Veronica (synonym of Veronica spicata – Spiked speedwell)

99. fluitans, -antis – floating.

• Glyceria (Floating sweet-grass, Water mannagrass)

100. fluviatilis, e – riverine, growing along riverbanks.

• Equisetum (Water horsetail, River horsetail, Swamp horsetail)

101. fontanosquameus, a, um – with scales of the flower like those of the Taraxacum fontanum (fontanus fontal, spring + squama scale).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Spring-scaly dandelion)

102. fontanus, a, um – growing in running water, of a spring, fontal.

• Cerastium (Common mouse-ear chickweed, Common mouse-ear, Starweed)
• Montia (Water blinks, Water chickweed, Annual water miner's lettuce)
• Oxalis (synonym of Oxalis stricta – Yellow wood sorrel, Common yellow oxalis, Lemon clover)
• Ranunculus (Accepted name; literally: Spring buttercup)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Spring dandelion)

103. frigidus, a, um – loving the cold, typical of cold regions.

• Gentiana (Styrian gentian)

104. gallicus, a, um – from France, French (Gallia – the Roman name of a vast area in Western Europe, in the territory of present France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, parts of Germany and the Netherlands).

• Logfia (Narrowleaf cottonrose, Daggerleaf cottonrose)
• Rosa (Gallic rose, French rose, Rose of Provins)
• Silene (Common catchfly, Small-flowered catchfly, Windmill pink)

105. garganicus, a, um – from Gargano (a historical and geographical region in Northern Puglia, Italy).

• Lamium (Monte Gargano dead-nettle)

106. genevensis, e – from Geneva (the second most populous city of Switzerland).

• Ajuga (Upright bugle, Geneva bugleweed, Blue bugleweed)

107. germanicus, a, um – German, Germanic.

• Cynoglossum (Green hound's tongue)
• Dorycnium (synonym of Dorycniumpentaphyllum subsp. germanicum)
• Genista (German greenweed)
• Gentianella (Chiltern gentian)
• Inula (German inula)
• Mespilus (Common medlar)
• Myricaria (German tamarisk)
• Stachys (Downy woundwort, German hedge-nettle)

108. goesingensis, e – from Gösingen (a region in Northern Austria).

• Thlaspi (synonym of Noccaea goesingensis – Tiny wild mustard)

109. graecus, a, um – Greek.

• Alkanna (Greek alkanet)
• Cardamine (Southern bitter cress)
• Carum (Accepted name; literally: Greek caraway)
• Crucianella (Accepted name; literally: Greek crosswort)
• Dorycnium (Accepted name)
• Lupinus (synonym of Lupinus albus subsp. graecus – White lupin)
• Moenchia (Accepted name; literally: Greek upright chickweed)
• Periploca (Silkvine)
• Phleum (synonym of Phleum exaratum; literally: Greek timothy)
• Saxifraga (synonym of Saxifraga carpetana subsp. graeca; literally: Greek saxifrage)
• Silene (Accepted name; literally: Greek catchfly; Balkan endemic)
• Sorbus (Greek whitebeam)

110. grinensis, е – relating to Grigna (a mountain range in Northern Italy).

• Centaurea (synonym of Centaurea scabiosa subsp. grinensis)

111. halepensis, e – see aleppicus.

• Sorghum (Johnson grass)

112. heleonastes, -is – growing in the swamps.

• Carex (Hudson bay sedge)

113. hellesponticus, a, um – relating to the Hellespont (the ancient name for the Dardanelles strait, connecting the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas).

• Consolida (Accepted name; literally: Hellespont larkspur)

114. helveticus, a, um – Swiss. 

• Selaginella (Swiss alpine spikemoss)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Swiss dandelion)

115. hemschinicus, a, um – from Hemshin (a region of the eastern coast of the Black Sea on the territory of present-day Turkey).

• Campanula (synonym of Campanula olympica)

116. hercegovinicus, a, um – from Herzegovina (Herzegovina – a historical and geographic area in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula).

• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Herzegovina fescue; Balkan endemic)

117. hercynicus, a, um – Hercynian (from Latin Hercynia silva: the ancient name of an area of forested mountains in central Germany).

• Rubus (Accepted name; literally: Hercynian blackberry)

118. hispanicus, a, um – Spanish, from Spain.

• Consolida (Eastern larkspur, Oriental larkspur)
• Queria (synonym of Minuartia hamata)
• Scolymus (Common golden thistle, Spanish oyster thistle)
• Scorzonera (Black salsify, Spanish salsify, Black oyster plant, Serpent root, Viper's grass)
• Sedum (Spanish stonecrop)
• Vaccaria (Cowherb, Cow cockle, Cow basil, Cow soapwort)

119. hortensis, e – of gardens, commonly cultivated in pots.

• Atriplex (Garden orache, Red orache, Orache, Mountain spinach)

120. hungaricus, a, um – Hungarian.

• Doronicum (Hungarian leopard’s-bane)

121. hyrcanus, a, um – from Hyrcania (an ancient Persian region near present-day Iran).

• Acer (Balkan maple)

122. ibericus, a, um – Iberian (from the Pyrenees Peninsula – Spain and Portugal).

• Centaurea (Iberian knapweed, Iberian star-thistle)

123. idaeus, a, um – from Mount Ida (Ida – the name of two sacred mountains in Greek mythology:  Mount Ida on the island of Crete and Mount Ida in the ancient Troad region of Western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey).

• Rubus (Red raspberry, European raspberry)

124. illyricus, a, um – Illyrian, from Illyria (an ancient region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula).

• Euphrasia (Unresolved name; literally: Illyrian eyebright) The record derives from Tropicos(data supplied on 2012-04-18) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym (record 100335535) with original publication details:  Bot. Z. 43: 131 1893.
• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Illyrian fescue)
• Gladiolus (Wild gladiolus)
• Onopordum (Illyrian thistle, Illyrian cottonthistle)
• Petrorhagia (Accepted name)
• Ranunculus (Accepted name; literally: Illyrian buttercup)

125. indicus, a, um – Indian, from India.

• Duchesnea (Mock strawberry, Indian strawberry)
• Eleusine (Indian goosegrass, Yard-grass, Goosegrass)
• Melilotus (Indian sweet-clover, Annual yellow sweetclover)
• Sporobolus (Smut grass)

126. inundatus, a, um – flooded (referring to the plant's ability for growing in boggy or flood-prone areas).

• Lycopodiella (Marsh clubmoss, Inundated club moss, Northern bog club moss)

127. italicus, a, um – Italian.

• Arum (Italian arum, Italian lords-and-ladies)
• Cirsium (Accepted name; literally: Italian plume thistle)
• Echium (Italian viper's bugloss, Pale bugloss)
• Gladiolus (Italian gladiolus, Wild gladiolus, Common sword-lily, Cornfield gladiolus)
• Luzula (synonym of Luzula spicata subsp. italica; literally: Italian wood-rush)
• Setaria (Foxtail millet)
• Silene (Italian catchfly)
• Xanthium (Italian cocklebur)

128. januensis, е – Genoese, from Genoa (Genoa – the capital of the region Liguria, Italy).

• Genista (Genoa broom)

129. japonicus, a, um – Japanese, from Japan.

• Bromus (Japanese brome)
• Fallopia (Asian knotweed, Japanese knotweed)
• Torilis (Erect hedgeparsley, Upright hedge-parsley, Japanese hedge parsley)

130. julianus, a, um – from Monte San Giuliano (another name of Monte Pisano), where Micromeria was initially collected.

• Micromeria (Accepted name)

131. jumrukczalicus, a, um – from Mount Yumrukchal (an old name of Mount Botev – the highest peak in Stara Planina, Bulgaria).

• Alchemilla (Accepted name; literally: Jumrukchal lady’s mantle; Bulgarian endemic)

132. kamciensis, e – from Kamchia river (Kamchia – river in Northeastern Bulgaria).

• Centaurea (Unresolved name; Bulgarian endemic) The record derives from TICA(data supplied on 2012-02-11) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym (record DC8D1D2B-6AF9-431B-A7F5-CC333D5120B7) with original publication details: 151 1968.

133. korabensis, е – from Korab Mountain, located between North Macedonia and Albania.

• Draba (Accepted name; literally: Korab Whitlow-grass; Balkan endemic)
• Sesleria (Accepted name)

134. koritnicensis, e – from Koritnik (Koritnik – a limestone mountain, located in Northeastern Albania and Southwest Kosovo).

• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Koritnik fescue)

135. lacmonicus, a, um – from Lacmon (an area on the northern slopes of Pindus Mountain, Greece).

• Bromus (synonym of Bromus sclerophyllus; literally: Lacmon brome)

136. lacuster, tris, tre – growing in or around the lakes.

• Isoetes (Lake quillwort, Merlin's grass)
• Shoenoplectus (Lakeshore bulrush, Common club-rush)

137. latinus, a, um – Latin, from Latium (Latium – a region in Central Western Italy where the city of Rome was founded).

• Trifolium (Accepted name; literally: Latin clover)

138. lerchianus, a, um – from Lerchi (a settlement in Umbria, Central Italy).

• Artemisia (Accepted name; literally: Lerchi wormwood)

139. liburnicus, a, um – from Liburnia (an ancient region between Istria and Dalmatia, currently in Croatia).

• Asphodeline (Jacob’s rod)
• Euphrasia (Accepted name; literally: Liburnia eyebright)

140. limosus, a, um – growing in marshy, boggy places.

• Carex (Bog-sedge, Mud sedge)
• Puccinellia (synonym of Puccinellia distans – Weeping alkali grass)

141. lit(t)oralis, e – of the seashore, littoral: for species growing on sand dunes, salt marshes or riverbanks.

• Aeluropus (Indian walnut)
• Astrodaucus (Accepted name)
• Centaurium (Seaside centaury)
• Corrigiola (Strapwort)
• Juncus (Accepted name; literally: Littoral rush)
• Medicago (Shore medick)
• Schoenoplectus (Accepted name; literally: Littoral club-rush or bulrush)

142. lovcensis, e – from Lovech (Lovech – a town in Central Northern Bulgaria).

• Galium (Accepted name; literally: Bedstraw from Lovech)

143. lusitanicus, a, um – Portuguese (Lusitania or Hispania Lusitana – an ancient Iberian Roman province on the territory of modern Portugal and part of Western Spain).

• Parietaria (Mediterranean pellitory-of-the-wall)

144. lutecianus, a, um (lutetianus, a, um) – Parisian (Lutetia – an ancient name for Paris).

• Circaea (Enchanter's-nightshade)

145. lydius, a, um – referring to Lydia (an ancient kingdom of Western Asia Minor, in modern Turkey).

• Genista (Lydian broom)
• Silene (Accepted name; literally: Lydian catchfly)

146. macedonicus, a, um – Macedonian (Macedonia – a historical and geographical region on the Balkan peninsula, now divided between Greece, Bulgaria and North Macedonia).

• Anchusa (synonym of Gastrocotyle macedonica)
• Anthemis (Accepted name; literally: Macedonian chamomile)
• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Macedonian fescue)
• Galium (Accepted name; literally: Macedonian bedstraw)
• Knautia (Macedonian scabious)
• Poa (synonym of Poa alpina – Alpine meadow-grass)
• Senecio (Accepted name; literally: Macedonian ragwort)
• Viola (synonym of Viola tricolour subsp. macedonica – Heartsease)

147. madritensis, е – from Madrid (the capital of Spain).

• Bromus (Compact brome)

148. magellanicus, a, um – from the Straits of Magellan area (Southern Chili).

• Carex (Boreal bog sedge)

149. magellensis, e – from Majella (a mountainous massif in the central part of the Apennines).

• Sedum (Accepted name; literally: Majella stonecrop)

150. maleschevicus, a, um – relating to the Maleshevska Mountain (a mountain range in Southwest Bulgaria and Northern Macedonia).

• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Maleschevska fescue)

151. malowitzus, a, um – relating to Malyovitsa (a peak in the northwestern part of Rila Mountain, Bulgaria).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Malyovitsa dandelion)

152. manticus, a, um – relating to Bosco di Mantico near Verona, Italy.

• Moenchia (Accepted name)

153. marinus, a, um – marine, growing by the sea.

• Hordeum (Sea barley, Mediterranean barley)
• Medicago (Sea medick)
• Najas (Spiny water nymph, Holly-leaved naiad, Spiny naiad)
• Spergularia (Lesser sea-spurrey, Salt sandspurry)
• Zostera (Common eelgrass)

154. maritimus, a, um – maritime, sea, seaside.

• Asparagus (Accepted name)
• Bolboschoenus (Sea clubrush, Cosmopolitan bulrush, Alkali bulrush, Bayonet grass)
• Cakile (European searocket)
• Centaurium (Yellow centaury)
• Crambe (Sea kale, Sea cole, Sea colewort)
• Crithmum (Rock samphire, Sea fennel)
• Eryngium (Sea holly, Seaside eryngo)
• Juncus (Sea rush)
• Otanthus (Cotton weed plant)
• Pancratium (Sea daffodil)
• Plantago (Sea plantain, Seaside plantain, Goose tongue)
• Polygonum (Sea knotgrass)
• Rumex (Golden dock, Bristle dock, Seashore dock)
• Ruppia (Beaked tasselweed, Widgeon grass, Ditch-grass, Tassel pondweed)
• Sagina (Sea pearlwort)
• Stachys (Accepted name; literally: Sea hedgenettle)
• Suaeda (Herbaceous seepweed, Annual sea-blite)
• Tetragonolobus (synonym of Lotus maritimus – Dragon's teeth)
• Triglochin (Seaside arrowgrass, Common arrow-grass, Shore arrowgrass)

155. mattmarkensis, e – relating to Mattmarksee (a lake in the Saas Valley, Switzerland).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Mattmarksee dandelion)

156. mediterraneus, a, um – Mediterranean.

• Minuartia (Mediterranean sandwort)
• Polygala (Unresolved name; literally: Mediterranean milkwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details:  Tirol 6(2): 763 1909.

157. meridionalis, е – southern or of midday (meridies – noon, midday: due to the flowering when the sun is high).

• Globularia (Accepted name; literally: South globe daisy)

158. mesembricus, a, um – from Mesembria (an ancient Greek city in Thrace, on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria, today Nessebar).

• Polygonum (synonym of Polugonum oxyspermum subsp. raii; literally: Mesembric knotgrass)

159. mesogitanus, a, um – Asian.

• Minuartia (Accepted name)

160. mestensis, е – relating to Mesta river in Bulgaria separating both the Pirin and Rhodopi Mountains.

• Quercus (synonym of Quercus robur subsp. pedunculiflora; literally: Mesta oak)

161. midzorensis, e – from Midzhur (Midzhur – a peak in the Western Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria).

• Knautia (Accepted name; literally: Midzhur widow flower)

162. missouriensis, e – from Missouri (a river and state in the USA).

• Chenopodium (Missouri goosefoot)

163. moesiacus, a, um – from Moesia (an ancient region in the Balkans, now on the territory of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo and North Macedonia).

• Bromus (Accepted name; literally: Moesia brome)
• Campanula (Accepted name; literally: Moesia bellflower)
• Centaurea (synonym of Cetaurea phrygia subsp. moesiaca)
• Dianthus (Accepted name; literally: Moesia pink)
• Erysimum (Accepted name; literally: Moesia wallflower)
• Pedicularis (synonym of Pedicularis brachyodonta subsp. moesiaca)
• Thymus (synonym of Thymus longicaulis – Mediterranean creeping thyme)

164. moldavicus, a, um – Moldavian (Moldavia – a historical region in Central and Eastern Europe, between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River).

• Silene (Accepted name; literally: Moldavian catchfly)

165. monspeliacus, a, um – from Montpellier, a French city in the south of France.

• Camphorosma (Stinking ground-pine)
• Polygala (Mediterranean milkwort)
• Trigonella (synonym of Medicago monspeliaca – Star-fruited fenugreek)

166. monspeliensis, e – from Montpellier, a French city in the south of France.

• Polypogon (Annual beard-grass, Annual rabbit’s-foot grass)

167. monspessulanus, a, um – from Montpellier, a French city in the south of France (derived from the Latinized city name).

• Acer (Montpellier maple)
• Astragalus (Montpellier milk-vetch)

168. montanus, a, um – mountain, upland, growing in mountains.

• Allium (synonym of Allium lusitanicum; literally: Mountain garlic)
• Alyssum (Mountain gold)
• Anthyllis (Mountain kidney vetch)
• Arnica (Wolf's bane, Leopard's bane, Mountain tobacco, Mountain arnica)
• Carex (Soft-leaved sedge)
• Cynoglossum (Mountain hound's-tongue)
• Epilobium (Broad-leaved willowherb)
• Euphrasia (Unresolved name; literally: Mountain eyebright) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which reports it as a synonym with original publication details: Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 344 1851.
• Geum (Alpine avens)
• Jasione (Sheep's bit scabious)
• Minuartia (Mountain sandwort)
• Onobrychis (Mountain sainfoin)
• Ornithogalum (Mountain star-of-Bethlehem)
• Phleum (Accepted name; literally: Mountain timothy)
• Pulsatilla (Mountain Pasque flower)
• Ranunculus (Mountain buttercup)
• Satureja (Mountain savory)
• Secale (Mountain rye)
• Sideritis (Mountain ironwort)
• Sisyrinchium (American blue-eyed-grass, Strict blue-eyed grass)
• Teucrium (Mountain germander)
• Trifolium (Mountain clover)
• Valeriana (Mountain valerian)
• Veronica (Mountain speedwell)
• Viola (Accepted name; literally: Mountain violet)

169. montenegrinus, a, um – from Montenegro (a country in Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea).

• Potentilla (Accepted name; literally: Montenegrin cinquefoil; Balkan endemic)

170. muralis, e – growing on the walls.

• Alyssum (Yellowtuft)
• Chenopodium (Nettle-leaved goosefoot)
• Cymbalaria (Ivy-leaved toadflax, Kenilworth ivy, Coliseum ivy, Pennywort)
• Diplotaxis (Annual wall-rocket)
• Draba (Wall whitlow grass)
• Gypsophila (Annual gypsophila, Cushion baby's-breath, Low baby's-breath)
• Mycelis (Wall lettuce)
• Vulpia (Accepted name; literally: Wall fescue)

171. murinus, a, um – growing on the walls (murus wall). Another interpretation of this epithet is “relating to mice” (mus mouse): for the greyish colour of the flower or the entire plant, i.e. the epithet could be placed also in the subgroup “Colouration”.

• Hordeum (Wall barley, False barley)

172. narbonensis, e – from Narbonne (French city near the Mediterranean coast).

• Ornithogalum (Narbonne star-of-Bethlehem, Pyramidal star-of-Bethlehem, Southern star-of-Bethlehem)
• Vicia (Narbon vetch)

173. neapolitanus, a, um – Neapolitan (Naples – the main city of Campania, Italy).

• Melilotus (Neapolitan melilot)
• Ranunculus (Accepted name; literally: Neapolitan buttercup)

174. nebrodensis, е – from the Nebrodi (a mountain range in Sicily).

• Cotoneaster (Brickberry cotoneaster)

175. nemoralis, e – of woods or groves.

• Glyceria (Accepted name; literally: Wood sweet grass)
• Poa (Wood meadow-grass, Wood bluegrass)

176. nemorensis, е – growing in the woods.

• Senecio (Accepted name; literally: Wood ragwort)

177. nemorosus, a, um – of the woods, growing in the woods.

• Anemone (Wood anemone, Windflower, Thimbleweed, Smell fox)
• Anthriscus (Accepted name; literally: Wood chervil)
• Arctium (Wood burdock)
• Myosotis (Accepted name; literally: Wood forget-me-not)
• Ranunculus (Wood buttercup)
• Salvia (Woodland sage, Balkan clary)

178. nicaeensis, е – from Nice (formerly Nicaea Maritima in Southern France), or from the present town of Iznik in Turkey (formerly Nicaea).

• Crepis (French hawk's-beard, Turkish hawksbeard)
• Euphorbia (Nice spurge)
• Malva (Bull mallow, French mallow)

179. norvegicus, a, um – Norwegian (Norway – a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe).

• Omalotheca (Norwegian arctic cudweed, Highland cudweed)

180. olympicus, a, um – Olympic (Mount Olympus – the highest mountain in Greece).

• Herniaria (Accepted name; literally: Olympic rupturewort)
• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Olympic hawkweed)
• Hypericum (Mount Olympus St. John's wort)
• Myosotis (Accepted name; literally: Olympic forget-me-not)

181. orbelicus, a, um – Orbelic (ambiguous interpretation: Orbelos – an ancient name of a mountain on the Balkan Peninsula; may refer to Belasitsa, Pirin, Rila, Osogovo or Slavyanka Mountain).

• Alyssum (Accepted name; literally: Orbelic alyssum)
• Anthemis (Anthemis macedonica orbelica; Bulgarian endemic)
• Bromus (synonym of Bromus riparius; literally: Orbelic brome)
• Centaurea (synonym of Cyanus orbelicus; literally: Orbelic knapweed)
• Myosotis (synonym of Myosotis nemorosa; literally: Orbelic forget-me-not)
• Veronica (Accepted name; literally: Orbelic speedwell)
• Viola (Accepted name; literally: Orbelic violet)

182. orientalis, e – from the Orient, eastern.

• Arum (Oriental arum, Arum lily orientale)
• Bunias (Turkish warty-cabbage, Warty-cabbage, Turkish rocket)
• Carpinus (Oriental hornbeam, Eastern hornbeam)
• Centaurea (Caucasian knapweed)
• Conringia (Hare's ear mustard)
• Crataegus (Oriental hawthorn)
• Doronicum (Leopard's bane)
• Fagus (Oriental beech)
• Ferula (Accepted name)
• Fritillaria (Slender fritillary)
• Knautia (Accepted name; literally: Oriental widow flower)
• Nigella (Yellow fennel flower)
• Platanus (Old World sycamore, Oriental plane)
• Scutellaria (Yellow-flowered skullcap)
• Sisymbrium (Indian hedge mustard)
• Symphytum (Soft comfrey)
• Trachystemon (Abraham-Isaac-Jacob, Oriental borage)
• Tragopogon (Oriental salsify)
• Verbascum (Oriental celsia)

183. ossaeus, a, um – from Ossa (a mountain in Northeastern Thessaly, Greece).

• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Ossa hawkweed)

184. ottomanus, a, um – Ottoman (relating to the Turkish dynasty of Osman I or Othman I).

• Symphytum (Accepted name; literally: Ottoman comfrey)

185. palaestinus, a, um – from Palestine (a geographical and historical region in the Middle East).

• Arrhenatherum (Accepted name; literally: Palestine oatgrass)
• Tremastelma (Palestine pincushion flower)

186. paludosiformis, e – similar to a bog (a probable reference to the plant habitat).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Boggy dandelion)

187. paludosus, a, um – swampy, marshy.

• Crepis (Marsh hawk's-beard)
• Hammarbya (Bog orchid, Bog adder's-mouth, Bog adder's-mouth orchid)
• Senecio (synonym of Jacobaea paludosa – Fen ragwort)

188. paluster, tris, tre (palustris, e) – marshy, boggy; growing in swampy places.

• Callitriche (Vernal water-starwort, Narrow-fruited water-starwort, Spiny water starwort)
• Caltha (Marsh-marigold, Kingcup)
• Eleocharis (Common spike-rush, Creeping spike-rush, Marsh spike-rush)
• Epilobium (Marsh willowherb)
• Epipactis (Marsh helleborine)
• Equisetum (Marsh horsetail)
• Euphorbia (Marsh spurge)
• Galium (Common marsh bedstraw, Marsh-bedstraw)
• Geranium (Marsh cranesbill)
• Gladiolus (Marsh gladiolus,Sword lily)
• Hottonia (Water violet, Featherfoil)
• Lathyrus (Marsh pea, Marsh vetchling)
• Ludwigia (Marsh seedbox, Hampshire-purslane, Water purslane)
• Parnassia (Marsh grass of Parnassus, Northern grass-of-Parnassus, Bog-star)
• Pedicularis (Marsh lousewort)
• Peucedanum (Milk-parsley, Marsh hog's fennel)
• Poa (Fowl bluegrass, Fowl meadowgrass, Swamp meadowgrass, Woodland bluegrass)
• Potentilla (Marsh cinquefoil, Purple marshlocks)
• Rorippa (Bog marshcress, Marsh yellow-cress, Yellow watercress)
• Rumex (Marsh dock)
• Sonchus (Marsh sowthistle)
• Stachys (Marsh woundwort, Marsh hedgenettle)
• Stellaria (Marsh stitchwort, Meadow starwort)
• Taraxacum (Marsh dandelion)
• Triglochin (Marsh arrow-grass)
• Viola (Marsh violet, Alpine marsh violet)
• Zannichellia (Horned pondweed)

189. panalpinus, a, um – pan-Alpine, typical for highlands.

• Taraxacum (Accepted name)

190. pannonicus, a, um – from Pannonia (a historical region involving parts of Hungary, Austria, Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia).

• Achillea (synonym of Achillea seidlii; literally: Pannonic yarrow)
• Acorellus (synonym of Cyperus pannonicus)
• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Pannonic knapweed)
• Cirsium (Pannonic thistle)
• Crepis (Pasture hawksbeard)
• Lathyrus (Felted vetch)
• Pholiurus (Accepted name)
• Thymus (Hungarian thyme, Eurasian thyme)
• Trifolium (Hungarian clover)
• Vicia (Hungarian vetch)

191. panormitanus, a, um – from Panormus (an ancient name of the current Palermo, Sicily).

• Elymus (Accepted name; literally: Palermo wheatgrass)

192. paralias – located near the sea (a reference to the plant habitat).

• Euphorbia (Sea spurge)

193. parilicus, a, um – relating to Parilian saddle (between the Pirin and Slavyanka mountains, Southwest Bulgaria).

• Bromus (synonym of Bromus sclerophyllus; Bulgarian endemic)
• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Parilian knapweed; Balkan endemic)

194. parisiensis, e – Parisian (Paris – the capital of France).

• Galium (Wall bedstraw)

195. parnassicus, a, um – from Mount Parnassus (Parnassus – the mountain, considered from Greek mythology sacred to Apollo and seat of the Muses).

• Anthemis (Accepted name; literally: Parnassus chamomile)
• Herniaria (Accepted name; literally: Parnassus rupturewort)

196. paschalis, e – pertaining to Easter or Passover (a reference to the origin of the plant from Easter Island).

• Galium (Accepted name; literally: Easter bedstraw)

197. pedemontanus, a, um – from Piedmont (a region in Northwest Italy).

• Artemisia (Dwarf wormwood)
• Cruciata (Piedmont bedstraw)
• Saxifraga (Piedmont saxifrage)

198. pennsylvanicus, a, um – from Pennsylvania, USA.

• Fraxinus (Green ash, Red ash)

199. peregrinus, a, um – foreign, exotic or even in the sense of wandering, found here and there, without a preferential location.

• Delphinium (Violet larkspur)
• Marrubium (Horehound)
• Paeonia (Romanian natural peony)
• Pimpinella (Southern burnet saxifrage)
• Veronica (Neckweed, American speedwell, Purslane speedwell, Hairy purslane speedwell)
• Vicia (Slender-leaved vetch)

200. perinensis, е – from Pirin Mountain (Pirin – a mountain in Southwest Bulgaria).

• Viola (Accepted name; literally: Pirin violet; Balkan endemic)

201. perinicus, a, um – from Pirin Mountain (Pirin – a mountain in Southwest Bulgaria).

• Thymus (Accepted name; literally: Pirin thyme; Balkan endemic)

202. peristereus, a, um – may refer to Peristera (Peristera – an ancient fortress north of the town of Peshtera, South Bulgaria), or to Mt. Peristeri (North Macedonia), or to the Greek island Aspro in the Sporades.

• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Peristera fescue)

203. persicus, a, um – Persian, from Persia (now Iran).

• Cheilanthes (Accepted name; literally: Persian lip fern)
• Convolvulus (Unresolved name; literally: Persian bindweed) The record derives from Tropicos(data supplied on 2012-04-18) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym (record 8502220).
• Epipactis (Persian helleborine)
• Morina (Prickly whorlflower)
• Veronica (Persian speedwell, Common field-speedwell, Birdeye speedwell)

204. petraeus, a, um – growing on the rocks.

• Dianthus (Accepted name; literally: Rock pink)
• Gypsophila (Accepted name; literally: Rock baby's-breath)
• Hornungia (Accepted name)
• Quercus (Sessile oak, Cornish oak, Durmast oak, Welsh oak)
• Ribes (Rock red currant)

205. phoeniceus, a, um–a) a reference to Phoenicia (ancient Semitic-speaking Mediterranean civilization that originated in the Levant), now the Syrian-Palestinian coastal strip; b) scarlet colour.

• Verbascum (Purple mullein, Temptress purple)

206. phrygius, a, um – Phrygian, Trojan (Phrygia – a historical area in the central part of Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey).

• Campanula (Accepted name; literally: Phrygian bellflower)
• Centaurea (Wig knapweed)

207. phthioticus, a, um – from Phthia (in Greek mythology – a city in ancient Thessaly, the home of the Myrmidons, led by Achilles in the Trojan War); other possible interpretation is "devastating, destructive" (φθίω – destroy).

• Allium (Accepted name; literally: Phthia onion)

208. pindicus, a, um – from Pindus (Pindus – a mountain range in Northern Greece and Southern Albania).

• Dactylorhiza (synonym of Dactylorhiza cordigersa subsp. pindica)
• Luzula (Accepted name; literally: Pindus woodrush)

209. pirinensis, e – see perinensis.

• Festuca (synonym of Festuca bosniaca)

210. pirinicus, a, um – see perinicus.

• Alchemilla (Accepted name; literally: Pirin lady’s mantle)
• Alyssum (Accepted name; Bulgarian endemic)
• Arenaria (synonym of Arenaria cretica – Cretan sandwort; Bulgarian endemic)
• Erysimum (Accepted name; literally: Pirin wallflower)
• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Pirin fescue)
• Poa (Accepted name; literally: Pirin meadow-grass)
• Tulipa (Unclear name status; literally: Pirin tulip; Bulgarian endemic)

211. pirotensis, е – from Pirot (Pirot – a city in Southeastern Serbia).

• Potentilla (synonym of Potentilla astracanica subsp. pirotensis)

212. plovdivensis, e – from Plovdiv (Plovdiv – a city in South Bulgaria).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Plovdiv dandelion)

213. pomeranicus, a, um – Pomeranian (Pomerania – a historical and geographic region between Poland and Germany, located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea).

• Galium (Pomeranian bedstraw)

214. ponticus, a, um – Pontic (Pontus – historical territory that includes the Black Sea and the lands that surround it, in modern-day Turkey).

• Artemisia (Roman wormwood)
• Astragalus (Accepted name; literally: Pontic milkvetch)
• Daphne (Pontic daphne, Twin-flowered daphne)
• Epipactis (Pontic helleborine)
• Fritillaria (European fritillaria)
• Hypecoum (synonym of Hypecoum procumbens– Sickle-fruited hypecoum; Balkan endemic)
• Rhododendron (Common rhododendron, Pontic rhododendron)
• Stipa (Accepted name; literally: Pontic needle-grass)
• Valerianella (Accepted name; literally: Pontic cornsalad)

215. posoniensis, e – relating to Posonium (Posonium – Roman trade and military point on the territory of the present-day city of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia).

• Rubus (Accepted name; literally: Posonium bramble)

216. pratensis, e – referring to meadows, growing on meadows.

• Alopecurus (Meadow foxtail, Field meadow foxtail)
• Festuca (Meadow fescue)
• Gagea (Meadow gagea)
• Geranium (Meadow crane's-bill)
• Lathyrus (Meadow vetchling, Meadow pea-vine, Yellow pea)
• Melampyrum (Common cow-wheat)
• Phleum (Timothy-grass)
• Poa (Kentucky bluegrass, Smooth meadow-grass, Common meadow-grass)
• Pulsatilla (Small pasque flower)
• Salvia (Meadow clary, Meadow sage)
• Succisa (Devil's-bit scabious)
• Tragopogon (Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, Meadow salsify, Meadow goat's-beard)
• Trifolium (Red clover)

217. provincialis, e – relating to a province, in particular to Provence – a geographical region and historical province in Southeastern France.

• Orchis (Provence orchid)

218. prutenicus, a, um – Prussian (Prussia – a historical region on the territory of modern Germany).

• Laserpitium (Prussian sermountain)

219. pyrenaicus, a, um – Pyrenean (Pyrenees – a mountain range in Southwest Europe between Spain and France).

• Alchemilla (Accepted name; literally: Pyrenean lady’s mantle)
• Carex (Pyrenean sedge)
• Gentiana (Pyrenean gentian)
• Geranium (Hedgerow crane’s-bill)
• Ornithogalum (Bath asparagus, Prussian asparagus, Pyrenees star of Bethlehem, Spiked star of Bethlehem)
• Rorippa (Accepted name; literally: Pyrenean yellowcress)
• Viola (Accepted name; literally: Pyrenean violet)

220. ranarius, a, um – relating to toads (a reference to the humid areal of the growth of the plant; rana frog).

• Juncus (Clustered toad rush)

221. ratisbonensis, e – relating to Regensburg (a city in the central part of Bavaria in Southeastern Germany).

• Chamaecytisus (synonym of Cytisus ratisbonensis)

222. remotus, a, um – far, remoted, scattered, of distant isolated

• Carex (Remote sedge)
• Lolium (Flaxfield rye-grass)

223. reophilus, a, um – loving the streams (a reference to the favourite environment of growth of this species).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Loving streams dandelion)

224. retyezatensis, e – from Retezat Mountains (a mountain range in Romania, part of the Southern Carpathians).

• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Retezat hawkweed)

225. rhaeticus, a, um – relating to the Rhaetian Alps (a mountain range of the Eastern Alps).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Rhaetian dandelion)

226. rhodop(a)eus, a, um – from Rhodope Mountains (Rhodopes – a mountain range in the Balkan Peninsula, part of the Rila-Rhodope massif).

• Aethionema (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope stonecress)
• Allium (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope onion)
• Arenaria (synonym of Arenaria filicaulis subsp. graeca; literally: Rhodope sandwort)
• Colchicum (synonym of Colchicum autumnale – Autumn crocus, Meadow saffron)
• Galium (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope bedstraw)
• Geum (Rhodope avens)
• Lathraea (Rhodope toothwort)
• Lilium (Rhodope lily; Balkan endemic)
• Minuartia (synonymof Minuartia glomerata subsp. macedonica; literally: Rhodope sandwort)
• Parietaria (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope pellitory)
• Secale (synonym of Secale anatolicum; literally: Rhodope rye; Bulgarian endemic)
• Seseli (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope seseli; Bulgarian endemic)
• Sesleria (literally: Rhodope moor grass)
• Soldanella (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope snowbell)
• Veronica (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope speedwell)

227. rhodope(i)us, a, um – from Rhodope Mountains (Rhodopes – a mountain range in the Balkan Peninsula, part of the Rila-Rhodope massif).

• Medicago (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope medick; Bulgarian endemic)
• Myosotis (synonym of Myosotis minutiflora; literally: Rhodope forget-me-not)
• Onosma (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope onosma; Balkan endemic)
• Polygala (synonym of Polygala supina subsp. rhodopea; literally: Rhodope milkwort)
• Rhamnus (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope buckthorn)
• Tulipa (Rhodope tulip)
• Viola (Unresolved name; literally: Rhodope violet) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details:  Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 334 1910.

228. rhodopensis, e – from Rhodope Mountains (Rhodopes – a mountain range in the Balkan Peninsula, part of the Rila-Rhodope massif).

• Haberlea (Orpheus flower, Resurrection plant; Balkan endemic)
• Scabiosa (Accepted name; literally: Rhodope scabious)

229. rilaensis, e – from Rila Mountain (in Southwestern Bulgaria).

• Leontodon (synonym of Scorzoneroides rilaensis; literally: Rila hawkbit)

230. riloensis, е – see

• Alopecurus (synonym of Alopecurus himalaicus Hook.f.; literally: Rila foxtail grass)
• Carex (Accepted name; literally: Rila sedge)
• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Rila fescue)

231. riparius, a, um – of riverbanks (growing near the riverbanks).

• Bromus (Meadow brome)
• Carex (Greater pond sedge)

232. rivalis, e – growing near the brooks.

• Galium (Accepted name; literally: Stream bedstraw)
• Geum (Water avens)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Stream dandelion)

233. rivularis, e – growing beside brooks.

• Cardamine (synonym of Cardamine pratensis subsp. rivularis; literally: Brook bittercress)
• Cirsium (Brook thistle)
• Rubus (Accepted name; literally: Brook bramble)

234. romanus, a, um – Roman, from Rome.

• Dactylorhiza (Roman dactylorhiza, Roman orchid)

235. ruderalis, e – ruderal: growing on waste ground or among the refuse.

• Lepidium (Narrow-leaf pepperwort, Roadside pepperweed)

236. rumeliacus, a, um – Rumelian (see rumelicus).

• Hypericum (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian Saint John's wort)

237. rumelianus, a, um – Rumelian (see rumelicus).

• Trachelium (synonym of Campanula rumeliana; literally: Rumelian throatwort)

238. rumelicus, a, um – Rumelian (Rumelia – a historical region in Southeast Europe, including the provinces of Thrace, Macedonia and Moesia, today's Bulgaria and Turkish Thrace).

• Allium (literally: Rumelian onion)
• Anthemis (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian chamomile; Bulgarian endemic)
• Armeria (synonym of Armeria cariensis var. rumelica; literally: Rumelian lady's cushion)
• Asperula (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian woodruff)
• Camelina (Romanian gold-of-pleasure)
• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian knapweed; Balkan endemic)
• Genista (Rumelian green weed)
• Minuartia (Unresolved name; literally: Rumelian sandwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details:  Bulg. Akad. Nauk 26: 1059 1973.
• Papaver (Unresolved name; literally: Rumelian poppy) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details:  Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math-Naturwiss. Cl. 1889(2): 39 1890.
• Ranunculus (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian buttercup)
• Rhinanthus (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian rattle)
• Satureja (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian savory)

239. rupester, tris, tre (rupestris, e) – growing on the rocks.

• Agrostis (Accepted name; literally: Rock bentgrass)
• Carex (Rock sedge)
• Frangula (Accepted name; literally: Rock buckthorn)
• Potentilla (Rock cinquefoil)
• Senecio (Rock ragwort)
• Umbilicus (Navelwort, Penny-pies, Wall pennywort)
• Verbascum (Accepted name; literally: Rock mullein; Balkan endemic)
• Viola (Teesdale violet)

240. rurivagus, a, um – which is found here and there in rural areas.

• Polygonum (Cornfield knotgrass)

241. russicus, a, um – Russian, from Russia.

• Echium (Red-flowered viper's grass)

242. rusticanus, a, um – rustic, from the countryside.

• Armoracia (Horseradish)

243. ruthenicus, a, um – from Ruthenia (Ruthenia – medieval Latin designation of Russia, later used to indicate also some territories of Hungary and Galicia).

• Anthemis (Eastern chamomile)
• Peucedanum (Accepted name)
• Salsola (synonym of Salsola kali subsp. ruthenica – Russian thistle)

244. saasensis, e – from Saas (Saas – Swiss valley in the Canton of Valais).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Saas dandelion)

245. sabaudus, a, um – from Savoy (a historical region located in the Western Alps, shared among the modern countries of France, Italy, and Switzerland).

• Hieracium (New England hawkweed, European hawkweed, Savoy hawkweed)

246. sabinus, a, um – Sabinian (Sabini – Italic tribes inhabiting the lands between the Tiber, Aternus and Annio rivers; Sabina – an ancient historical region between Lazio and Umbria).

• Juniperus (Savin juniper, Savin)

247. salinarius, a, um – relating to plants growing in saline lands.

• Puccinellia (synonym of Puccinellia intermedia; literally: Halophilous alkali grass)

248. salisburgensis, е – from Salisburgum (an ancient name of the city of Salzburg in Austria, near the German border).

• Euphrasia (Salisburg eyebright)

249. salonitanus, a, um – from Salona (the capital of Dalmatia during the Roman Empire, now Solin, a municipality in Croatia).

• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Salona knapweed)

250. santonicus, a, um – relating to Santones (Santoni – an ancient population of Aquitaine, a region of Southwestern France).

• Artemisia (Salt steppe wormwood)

NB! A probable mistake in the grammatical form of the adjective – it should be santonica because the noun artemisia is feminine gender.

251. sardous, a, um – Sardinian (Sardinia – Italian island in the Mediterranean sea).

• Ranunculus (Hairy buttercup)

252. sarmaticus, a, um – Sarmatic, from Sarmatia (a name that the Romans attributed to a geographical area of Eastern Europe and Western Asia between the Black Sea and the Don and Volga rivers).

• Bellevalia (synonym of Bellevalia speciosa)

253. saxatilis, e – growing among rocks.

• Aethionema (Burnt candytuft)
• Allium (Accepted name; literally: Rock onion)
• Aurinia (Basket of gold, Goldentuft alyssum, Golden alison, Golden-tuft madwort)
• Gagea (synonym of Gagea bohemica – Early star-of-Bethlehem, Radnor lily)
• Iberis (Rock candytuft)
• Kernera (Rock kernera)
• Lathyrus (Accepted name; literally: Rock vetchling)
• Leontodon (Lesser hawkbit)
• Rhamnus (Rock buckthorn)
• Rubus (Stone bramble)

254. scardicus, a, um – from Šar or Sharr Mountains (Scardus – an ancient name of a mountain range in the Balkans extending from Kosovo and the northwest of North Macedonia to Northeastern Albania).

• Betonica (synonym of Stachys scardica; literally: Scardic betony; Balkan endemic)
• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Scardic hawkweed)
• Melampyrum (Hungarian cow-wheat)
• Sideritis (Pirin tea, Olympus tea)
• Veronica (Accepted name; literally: Scardic speedwell)

255. scaturiginosus, a, um – full of springs; boggy, marshy.

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Marshy dandelion)

256. semisilvaticus, a, um – of the woods: growing both in open places and in wooded ones.

• Hieracium (synonym of Hieracium murorum subsp. semisilvaticum; literally: Hawkweed of the woods)

257. septentrionalis, e – northern (Septemtriones – the constellations of seven stars, the Great and Little Bear, i.e. north).

• Asplenium (Northern spleenwort, Forked spleenwort)

258. serbicus, a, um – Serbian (Serbia – a state of the Balkan peninsula).

• Edraianthus (Accepted name; Balkan endemic)
• Orobanche (Accepted name; literally: Serbian broomrape)
• Ramonda (Serbian ramonda, Serbian phoenix flower)
• Ranunculus (Accepted name; literally: Serbian buttercup)
• Stachys (Accepted name; literally: Serbian hedgenettle; Balkan endemic)

259. serresianus, a, um – from Serres (Serres – the second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, Greece).

• Viola (Unresolved name; literally: Serres violet) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details:  Chron. 13: 51 2000.

260. sibiricus, a, um – Siberian (Siberia – an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and North Asia).

• Argusia (Siberian sea-rosemary)
• Campanula (Siberian bellflower)
• Heracleum (Accepted name; literally: Siberian cow parsnip)
• Iris (Siberian iris, Siberian flag)
• Juniperus (Siberian juniper)
• Ligularia (Siberian ligularia)
• Montia (synonym of Claytonia sibirica – Siberian spring beauty, Siberian miner's lettuce, Siberian purslane)
• Polygala (Siberian milkwort)

261. siculus, a, um – Sicilian, from Sicily (Siculi – the Latin name of an Italic tribe who inhabited eastern Sicily during the Iron Age).

• Myosotis (Jersey forget-me-not)
• Nectaroscordum (synonym of Allium siculum – Sicilian honey garlic)
• Scabiosa (Sicilian scabious)

262. sieheanus, a, um – epithet with unclear etymology.

• Viola (Accepted name)

263. silesiacus, a, um – Silesian (Silesia – a historical region of Central Europe, located mostly in Poland).

• Salix (Silesian willow)

264. silvaticus, a, um – forest, growing in woodlands (= sylvaticus).

• Calystegia (Giant bindweed, Large bindweed)

265. silvester, tris, tre – of the woods (= sylvester).
266. silvicolus, a, um – forest (woods) dweller.

• Taraxacum silvicolum (Unclear name status; literally: Forest dandelion)

NB! If there exists a grammatical mistake and the binomial name is actually Taraxacum silvicola, then the specific epithet is a noun in the nominative, and therefore it should be placed in the section Specific epithet – apposition.

267. silvrettensis, e – relating to the Silvretta Alps (a mountain range in the Central Eastern Alps).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Silvretta dandelion)

268. sitnjakovensis, e – from Sitnyakovo (Sitnyakovo – a hunting lodge near Borovets resort in Rila Mountain, Bulgaria).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Sithyakovo dandelion)

269. slivenensis, е – from Sliven (Sliven – a town in Southeastern Bulgaria).

• Corydalis (synonym of Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis)

270. smyrnaeus, a, um – from Smyrna (an ancient name of the current Izmir – a port and city in Central Western Turkey).

• Trifolium (synonym of Trifolium sylvaticum; literally: Smyrna clover)

271. stagnalis, e – growing along the margins of still water, relating to ponds (a reference to the growing place).

• Callitriche (Pond water-starwort)

272. strandjensis, е – from Strandzha (Strandzha – a mountain in Southeastern Bulgaria).

• Minuartia (Unresolved name; literally: Strandzha sandwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: Fitologiya 48: 7 1996.

273. stranjensis, e – from Strandzha (Strandzha – a mountain in Southeastern Bulgaria).

• Saponaria (synonym of Saponaria sicula subsp. stranjensis; literally: Strandzha soapwort)

274. subalpinus, a, um – subalpine: from the lower slopes of mountain areas.

• Senecio (Accepted name; literally: Subalpine ragwort)

275. submersus, a, um – submerged, sunken, growing underwater.

• Ceratophyllum (Soft hornwort)

276. subterraneus, a, um – subterranean, underground.

• Trifolium (Subterranean clover, Subterranean trefoil)

277. sudeticus, a, um – from the Sudeten mountains (a mountain range in Central Europe on the border of Czech Republic and Poland).

• Arabis (synonym of Arabis allionii; literally: Sudetenrockcress)               
• Luzula (Accepted name; literally: Sudeten woodrush)

278. sumatrensis, e – from the island of Sumatra (Indonesian island to the south of the Malay peninsula).

• Conyza (Guernsey fleabane, Sumatran fleabane, Tall fleaban)

279. sylvaticus, a, um – of the forest, growing in woodland places.

• Brachypodium (False-brome, Slender false brome, Wood false brome)
• Calamintha (Woodland calamint)
• Carex (Wood sedge)
• Equisetum (Wood horsetail)
• Fagus (European beech)
• Ferulago (Accepted name; literally: Wood fennel)
• Geranium (Wood crane’s-bill, Woodland geranium)
• Luzula (Greater wood-rush, Great wood-rush)
• Melampyrum (Small cow-wheat)
• Myosotis (Wood forget-me-not, Woodland forget-me-not)
• Omalotheca (Woodland arctic cudweed)
• Scirpus (Wood club-rush)
• Senecio (Woodland ragwort, Heath groundsel, Mountain groundsel)
• Stachys (Hedge woundwort)

280. sylvester, tris, tre – of the woods, growing wild.

• Anemone (Snowdrop anemone)
• Angelica (Wild angelica)
• Anthriscus (Cow parsley, Wild chervil, Wild beaked parsley)
• Bellis (Southern daisy)
• Erysimum (Wood-treacle mustard)
• Hesperis (Accepted name)
• Lathyrus (Flat pea, Narrow-leaved everlasting-pea)
• Malus (European crab apple)
• Malva (Common mallow)
• Pinus (Scots pine)
• Rorippa (Creeping yellowcress, Yellow fieldcress)
• Secale (Accepted name)
• Vitis (synonym of Vitis vinifera – Common grape vine)

281. syriacus, a, um – Syrian (Syria – a country in Western Asia, on the Mediterranean coast).

• Asclepias (Common milkweed, Butterfly flower, Silky swallow-wort)
• Cephalaria (Syrian cephalaria)
• Euclidium (Syrian mustard)
• Sideritis (Ironwort)

282. tanaiticus, a, um – from the Don river, formerly called Tanais (one of the major Eurasian rivers of Russia).

• Onobrychis (synonym of Onobrychis arenaria – Hungarian sainfoin)

283. tatari(c)us, a, um – Tatarian (Tatars – Turkic peoples, inhabitant territories in Eastern Europe and Siberia, today Asiatic Russia).

• Acer (Tatar maple, Tatarian maple)
• Atriplex (Tatarian orache)s
• Crambe (Tatar bread plant)
• Goniolimon (German statice, Tatarian statice, Tatarian sea-lavender)
• Lactuca (Blue lettuce)

284. tauricus, a, um – Crimean (Tauri – a tribe considered to be the oldest population on the Crimean Peninsula).

• Asphodeline (White king's spear)
• Cerastium (synonym of Cerastium brachypetalum subsp. tauricum; literally: Crimean mouse-ear chickweed)
• Gagea (Accepted name; literally: Crimean star-of-Bethlehem)
• Hedysarum (Crimean sweetvetch, Red sweetvetch)
• Onopordum (Taurian thistle, Bull cottonthistle)
• Onosma (Golden-flowered onosma)
• Symphytum (Crimean comfrey)

285. taurinus, a, um – Piedmontese, from Piedmont (Taurini – an ancient population of Cisalpine Gaul, today's Piedmont). The literal meaning of the adjective is “relating to bulls”.

• Asperula (Pink woodruff)

286. taurinensis, e – from Turin (Augusta Taurinorum – an ancient name of the city of Turin).

• Euphorbia (Accepted name; literally: Turin spurge)

287. terrestris, e – growing on dry land, far from water.

• Tribulus (Tackweed, Goat's-head, Small caltrops)

288. thasius, a, um – from Thassos (Thassos – a Greek island in the Aegean sea).

• Hypericum (Accepted name; Balkan endemic)

289. thessalus, a, um – Thessalian (Thessalia – a region of Greece).

• Anchusa (Accepted name; literally: Thessalian alkanet)
• Petrorhagia (Accepted name)

290. thracicus, a, um – Thracian (Thrace – a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey).

• Achillea (synonym of Achillea clypeolata; literally: Thracian yarrow; Bulgarian endemic)
• Allium (synonym of Allium melanantherum; literally: Thracian onion)
• Alopecurus (synonym of Alopecurus creticus; literally: Thracian foxtail; Bulgarian endemic)
• Anthemis (synonym of Anthemis macedonica subsp. thracica; literally: Thracian chamomile)
• Astracantha (Accepted name)
• Carduus (Accepted name; literally: Thracian thistle; Balkan endemic)
• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Thracian knapweed)
• Festuca (Accepted name; literally: Thracian fescue)
• Linum (Accepted name; literally: Thracian flax)
• Onosma (Accepted name; literally: Thracian onosma)
• Quercus (synonym of Quercus cerris; Bulgarian endemic)
• Rorippa (synonym of Rorippa lippizensis; literally: Thracian yellowcress)
• Stachys (synonym of Stachys cretica subsp. bulgarica f.; literally: Thracian hedgenettle)
• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Thracian dandelion)
• Thymus (Lavender-scented thyme)
• Tulipa (synonym of Tulipa orphanidea; literally: Thracian tulip)
• Verbascum (Unresolved name; literally: Thracian mullein) The record derives from WCSP (in review)which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details:  Bulg. 410 1891.

291. thuringiacus, a, um – from Thuringia (a historical region in Central Germany).         

• Lavatera (Garden tree-mallow)

292. tmoleus, a, um – relating to Tmolus (Tmolus Mount on the territory of today's Turkey, modern Bozdağ).

• Carduus (Accepted name; literally: Tmolus thistle)

293. transsilvanicus, a, um – Transylvanian (Transylvania – a historical-geographical region in Central Romania).

• Bromus (synonym of Bromus erectus; literally: Transylvanian brome)
• Campanula (Accepted name; literally: Transylvanian bellflower)
• Lathyrus (Accepted name; literally: Transylvanian vetchling)
• Melica (Accepted name; literally: Transylvania melic grass)

294. trans(s)ylvanicus, a, um – see

• Cephalaria (Accepted name)
• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Transylvanian hawkweed)

295. trebevicianus, a, um – relating to Trebević (Trebević – a mountain in Central Bosnia and Herzegovina).

• Hieracium (synonymof Hieracium pseudobifidum subsp. trebevicianum)

296. trojanensis, e – from Troyan (Troyan – a town in Central Northern Bulgaria).

• Campanula (Accepted name; literally: Troyan bellflower)
• Silene (synonymof Silene chromodonta; literally: Troyan catchfly) 

297. trojanus, a, um – from Troy (an ancient city in West Asia Minor, Turkey).

• Quercus (Macedonian oak, Trojan oak)

298. tschamkorijensis, e – from Chamkoria (Chamkoria – an old name of today resort Borovets in Rila Mountain, Bulgaria).

• Hieracium (Accepted name; literally: Chamkoria hawkweed)

299. turcicus, a, um – Turkish.

• Centaurium (Accepted name; literally: Turkish centaury)
• Colchicum (Accepted name; literally: Turkish autumn crocus)
• Rosa (Accepted name; literally: Turkish rose)

300. turfosiformis, e – relating to peat bogs, growing in swamps and grasslands.

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Boggy dandelion)

301. turkestanicus, a, um – from Turkestan (a region in Central Asia between the Caspian Sea and the Gobi Desert, inhabited mainly by Turkic peoples).

• Alyssum (Accepted name)

302. tymphaeus, a, um – from Tymphaea (a region in Northwest Greece, specifically Epirus, named after Mount Tymphe or Tymphi).

• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Tymphaea knapweed)
• Stachys (Accepted name; literally: Tymphaea hedgenettle)

303. ucrainicus, a, um – Ukrainian (Ukraine – a country in Eastern Europe).

• Stipa (Ukrainian feather grass)

304. ucranicus, a, um – Ukrainian (see ucrainicus).

• Nepeta (Ukrainian catmint)
• Torilis (Accepted name; literally: Ukrainian hedge-parsley)

305. uliginosus, a, um – growing in bogs and swamps.

• Filaginella (synonym of Gnaphalium uliginosum – Marsh cudweed)
• Galium (Fen bedstraw)
• Lotus (synonym ofLotus pedunculatus – Big trefoil, Greater bird's-foot-trefoil, Marsh bird's-foot trefoil)
• Sesleria (synonym of Sesleria caerulea – Blue moor-grass)
• Vaccinium (Bog bilberry, Bog blueberry, Northern bilberry, Western blueberry)

306. umbrosus, a, um – growing in shady places.

• Carex (Accepted name; literally: Shady sedge)
• Pastinaca (Accepted name; literally: Shady parsnip)
• Scrophularia (Green figwort, Water betony)

307. uralensis, e – from the Ural Mountains (the Urals – a mountain range in Russia, located between Europe and Asia).

• Cephalaria (Accepted name)

308. urbanus, a, um – urban.

• Geum (Wood avens, Herb Bennet, St. Benedict's herb)

309. urbicus, a, um – urban (which often grows in an urban environment).

• Chenopodium (City goosefoot)

310. ursinus, a, um – relating to bears (Ursus bear): a reference to the woodlands, the same inhabited by bears.

• Allium (Wild garlic, Ramsons, Bear leek, Bear's garlic, Broad-leaved garlic)

311. valesiacus, a, um – from Valesia (the Latin name of the current Canton Valais or Valois, or Wallis in Switzerland).

• Festuca (Volga fescue, Valais fescue)

312. varnensis, e – from Varna (Varna – a city in Northeast Bulgaria, on the Black Sea coast).

• Centaurea (Accepted name; literally: Varna knapweed)
• Elymus (literally: Varna wheatgrass; Bulgarian endemic)

313. velebiticus, a, um – relating to Mount Velebit (a mountain range in Croatia).

• Campanula (Velebit bellflower)

314. veluchensis, e – relating to Velouchi (a peak in Pindus mountain, Greece).

• Crocus (Accepted name; literally: Velouchi crocus)

315. vindobonensis, e – Viennese (Vindobona – an ancient Latin name of the current city of Vienna, the Austrian capital).

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Viennese dandelion)
• Veronica (Viennese germander speedwell)

316. vinealis, e – relating to the vines, growing in vineyards (vinea vine).

• Allium (Crow garlic, Onion grass, Stag's garlic, Wild garlic)

317. virginicus, a, um – from Virginia (USA).

• Acalypha (Virginia three-seeded mercury)

318. volgensis, e – from the Volga River (the longest river in Europe that runs through Russia and flows into the Caspian Sea).

• Adonis (Accepted name)

319. volhynicus, a, um – from Volhynia (a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, situated between Southeastern Poland, Southwestern Belarus, and Western Ukraine).

• Galium (Accepted name; literally: Volhynia bedstraw)

320. vosagiacus, a, um – relating to Vosges (Vosagus – an ancient Latin name of a low mountain in Eastern France).

• Rosa (Whitish-stemmed briar)

321. wolgensis, e – see

• Silene (Accepted name; literally: Volga catchfly)

322. zacinthus, a, um – from Zakynthos (Zakynthos – a Greek island in the Ionian Sea).

Crepis (Striped hawksbeard)

Epithet – Another Noun in The Nominative (Apposition)

This group includes nouns in the Nominative used as specific epithets. The compound nouns formed through the verbal stem -cola (colo, colui, cultus 3 – dwell, indwell) are predominant. There are found also 3 derivative nouns formed through prefixes epi-, hypo- (epilinum, epithymum, hypopytus); 1 ethnonym – juruk; 4 toponyms – kapela, mahaleb, padus, telmateia; 2 cases of assumed but insufficiently clarified meaning – beccabunga, locusta.

1. Alpicola – living in high mountains, alpine.

• Hieracium alpicola (Alpine hawkweed)

2. Arenicola – living in sandy areas.

• Festuca arenicola (Accepted name, literally: Sandy fescue)

3. Aria – from Aria (region centred on the city of Herat in present-day Afganistan).

• Sorbus aria (Whitebeam, Common whitebeam)

4. Banaticola – from Banat (a geographical and historical region in Central Europe).

• Hieracium banaticola (synonym of Pilosella petraea; literally: Hawkweed from Banat)

5. Beccabunga – ambiguous interpretation: from the German bach “creek” and bunge “tuber”, or from the Flemish word beckpunge “burning mouth”, for the spicy taste of its leaves

• Veronica beccabunga (Brooklime, European speedwell)

6. Epilinum – literally “growing on flax” (genus favoured by this parasitic plant).

• Cuscuta epilinum (Flax dodder)

7. Epithymum – literally “growing on thyme” (host of this parasitic plant).

• Cuscuta epithymum (Lesser dodder)

8. Hypopitys – literally “under pine” (a reference to the natural habitat of the plant).

• Monotropa hypopitys (Yellow pine-sap, Pinesap)

9. Juruk – yuruk: shepherds in Rhodope mountains and Balkan mountains, Bulgaria.

• Verbascum juruk ((Unresolved name, literally: Shepherd mullein) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details:  Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 16: 230 1966.

10. Kapela – a mountain in Western Croatia.

• Paronychia kapela (Silver nailwort)

11. Locusta – growing in an enclosed space (locus “place”).

• Valerianella locusta (Corn salad, Common cornsalad, Lamb’s lettuce)

12. Mahaleb – a term used by medieval Arabs for a plant of uncertain identity.

• Prunus mahaleb (Mahaleb cherry, St. Lucy cherry)

13. Monticola – mountain dweller.

• Alchemilla monticola (Hairy lady’s mantle)

14. Padus – of the river Po in Italy.

• Prunus padus (Bird cherry, Hagberry, Mayday tree)

15. Petricola – dweller of the rocks.

• Cerastium petricola (synonym of Cerastium rectum subsp. petricola; literally: Mouse-ear chickweed of the rocks)

16. Pindicola – living in Pindus (a mountain in Greece, the dwelling of Apollo and the muses).

• Onobrychis pindicola (Accepted name, literally: Sainfoin from Pindus mountains)
• Potentilla pindicola (Accepted name, literally: Cinquefoil from Pindus mountains)
• Soldanella pindicola (Accepted name, literally: Snowbell from Pindus mountains)

17. Pirinicola – living in Pirin (a mountain in South Bulgaria).

• Hieracium pirinicola (Accepted name, literally: Hawkweed from Pirin mountain)

18. Pratericola – literally: living in marketplaces (from the Greek praterion marketplace), or: growing in the prairies (from the Italian prateria grassland), or meadows dweller (pratum meadow).

• Chenopodium pratericola (Desert goosefoot)

19. Rupicola – living on the rocks.

• Festuca rupicola (Accepted name, literally: Fescue from the rocks)

20. Sylvicola – woods dweller.

• Poa sylvicola (synonym of Poa trivialis; literally: Meadow-grass from the woods)

21. Telmateia – of marshes (from the Greek telma “marsh”).

• Equisetum telmateia (Great horsetail, Northern giant horsetail)

22. Xanthicola – from the region of Xanthi (a town in Northern Greece).

Salix xanthicola (Unresolved name, literally: Willow from Xanthi) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: Willdenow ia 21: 105 1991.

Epithet – A Noun in The Genitive

The specific epithet expressed by a noun in the genitive (singular or plural) is a less common type of specific epithet. Among the other meanings, there are some names of countries, settlements, mountains, rivers and other geographic objects that indicate the origin or the place where the particular plant was collected.

1. Caliacrae – Gen. sg. (Caliacra, ae f – a long and narrow headland on the northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast).

• Alyssum caliacrae (Accepted name)
• Centaurea caliacrae (Accepted name)
• Silene caliacrae (Accepted name; Bulgarian endemic)

2. Diampolis – sg. (Diampolis, is f – an ancient name of Yambol, a city in Southeastern Bulgaria).

• Colchicum diampolis (synonym ofColchicum szovitsii)

3. Klisurae – Gen. sg. (Klisura, ae f – a small town in Central Bulgaria).

• Hieracium klisurae (Accepted name)

4. Lapponum – Gen. pl. (Lappones, um m – the inhabitants of Lapponia, a mountainous area in Lapland, North Sweden). In this denomination, the place of distribution or origin of the species is indicated by ethnonym.

• Salix lapponum (Downy willow)

5. Nigrimontium – Gen. pl. (Nigrimontes, ium m – Montenegro, a country in Southeast Europeon the Adriatic Sea Coast).

• Herniaria nigrimontium (Accepted name)

6. Ravennae – Gen. sg. (Ravenna, ae f – the main city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagnaregion of Northern Italy).

• Erianthus ravennae (Ravenna grass, Plume grass)

7. Slaviankae / slavjankae – Gen. sg. (Slavjanka, ae f – Slavyanka, formerly known as Alibotush, from Turkish Alibotuş, and Kitka Planina, from Bulgarian Китка планина, is a mountain located on the border of Southwestern Bulgaria and Northernmost Greece).

• Pulsatilla slaviankae (Unresolved name; Balkan endemic) The record derives from WCSP (in review)(data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Bulgar. 4: 111 1970.
• Erysimum slavjankae (Accepted name)

8. Strymonis – Gen. sg. (Strymo, onis m – an ancient name of the Struma river, in the territory of Bulgaria and Greece).

• Dianthus strymonis (Accepted name)

9. Tekirae – Gen. sg. (Тekira, ae f – an obsolete name of the village Trivoditsi in Central South Bulgaria).

• Gypsophila tekirae (synonym of Gypsophila perfoliata – Perfoliate baby’s-breath)

Epithet – Composite Name Consisting of Two Hyphenated Words

The specific epithets in this group indicate a habitat in a broader sense pertaining to a particular place of the spread of several botanical or zoological species.

1. Plantago-Aquatica – literally: water plantain.

plantago – plantain (from Latin planta “foot”):  similar to the sole of the foot, a reference to the size of the leaves of the greater plantain;

aquatica (aquaticus, a, um) – a reference to the place of habitation of the plant.

• Alisma plantago-aquatica (European water-plantain, Common water-plantain, Mad-dog weed)

2. Ruta-muraria – literally: rue of the walls.

ruta – rue, bitter herb (due to the leaves shape);

muraria (murarius, a, um) – mural, wall (a reference to the places frequently colonized by this fern).

• Asplenium ruta-muraria (Wall-rue)

3. Vitis-idaea – literally: vine of Ida Mount.

• vitis – vine;
• idaea (idaeus, a, um) – of mount Ida (Ida – a mountain in Crete island considered sacred as a birthplace of Zeus).
• Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Lingonberry, Mountain cranberry)

4. Morsus-ranae – literally: bite of frog.

• Probably a reference to the habitat of the plant. Another hypothesis refers to the tendency of frogs to hunt for food among these plants.

morsus – bite;

ranae – Gen. sg. (rana, ae f – frog).

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (European frogbit)

Conclusion

The specific epithets relating to geographical objects and areas could be an important and valued source in the process of study and recognition of the different plants, their features and peculiarities.

References

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Abstract

The present article is a part of the larger research “Linguistic structure of binomial botanical denominations– specific epithet”, based on “Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora”, fourth revised and updated edition, Sofia, 2012. The article is focused on the specific epithets indicating different geographical objects relating to spreading or origin of the plants. According to the ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) “The name of a species is a binary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by a single specific epithet in the form of an adjective, a noun in the genitive, or a word in apposition, or several words, but not a phrase name of one or more descriptive nouns and associated adjectives in the ablative” (Chapter III, Section 4, Article 23.1).