Abstract

Sirtuin Type 1 (Sirt1) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and obesity. The overload calorie intake causes the imbalance between lipolysis and lipogenesis and leads to adipose tissue dysfunction. Moreover, adipose tissue dysfunction also attracts obesityassociated inflammation. Recent data show that Sirt1 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory progression and insulin sensitivity in macrophages and adipocytes. However, the regulatory mechanism of Sirt1 on adipose tissue inflammation remains unclear. In the current study, we found that High-Fat-Diet (HFD) reduced Sirt1 mRNA level but increased Foxo1 and Foxo3a levels in mice. Overexpressed Sirt1 increased leptin mRNA level whereas decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Foxo1, Foxo3a and inflammatory marker genes in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we found that Foxos binds to the IL-6 promoter region to promote adipose inflammation. However, Sirt1 inhibited Foxo1 and Foxo3a by direct protein and protein interaction. Next, we found Sirt1 increased the protein levels of raptor, p-mTOR, and p-S6K1, and these results were reversed by Rapamycin addition. Despite the overexpression of Sirt1, the protein levels of Foxo1, Foxo3, and IL-6 were increased by the addition of Rapamycin. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Sirt1 decreases adipose inflammation by directly banding with Foxos. Moreover, mTOR/S6K1 signal pathway is essential in the process of inhibiting adipose inflammation. This will promise as a novel strategy for the treatment of obesity-associated inflammation.

Keywords: Sirt; Foxo; Inflammation; Adipose; mTOR

Introduction

Sirtuin Type 1 (Sirt1), a member of the silencing information regulator 2 (Sir2) family called sirtuins, is well known for its deacetylation regulation. Sirt1 could regulate gene silencing, cell cycle, energy homeostasis and apoptosis in adipocytes [1-3]. The overload calorie intake causes the imbalance between lipolysis and lipogenesis and leads to adipose tissue dysfunction [4]. Moreover, adipose tissue dysfunction also attracts obesity-associated inflammation [5]. Studies show Sirt1 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory progression and insulin sensitivity in macrophages and adipocytes [6,7]. Knock-out of Sirt1 in adipose tissue leads to gene expression changes which involved in obesity-related inflammation [3]. Sirt1 activator attenuates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced insulin resistance 3T3-L1 adipocytes [8]. These suggest that Sirt1 can act as an anti-inflammation regulator. In addition, Sirt1 can deacetylate p53 and inhibit the transcriptional activity, resulting in the blockage of cell apoptosis [9,10]. Cinti et al. indicate Sirt1 regulates adipose tissue inflammation by controlling the gain of pro-inflammation transcription in response to inducers such as fatty acids, hypoxia, and endoplasmic reticulum stress [11- 13]. While numerous studies have shown Sirt1 reduces adipose inflammation, the exact regulation mechanism remains elusive.

Fox transcription factors of the O class (Foxos), including Foxo1, Foxo3a, Foxo4 and Foxo6 in mammals, have been reported implicated in several cellular functions, such like cell proliferation, longevity, stress resistance, metabolism. Studies reveal the negative regulated role of Foxo1 in adipocyte differentiation, and dominant negative Foxo1 enhances adipocyte differentiation by promoting cell cycle [14]. Block the function of Foxo1 in adipose tissue alters whole body energy homeostasis of high-fat diet induced mice, leading to the improvement of glucose and insulin tolerance and increasing energy expenditure [15,16]. Foxo1, Foxo3a, and Foxo4 are regulated by Akt signal pathway, which is essential for glucose transport, adipogenesis and white adipose cell differentiation [17,18]. In addition, the Foxos has been shown to mediate some effects of Sirtuins [19]. Studies show Sirt1 represses the ability of Foxo3a to activate transcription in mammal Hela cells and muscle cells. However, whether Sirt1 and Foxos physically interacted in adipocytes remains unclear.

Akt/mTOR signal pathway plays an important role in glucose production and energy metabolism [20,21]. mTOR is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase which is phosphorylated by activated Akt in cancer cells, adipocytes and hepatocyte [22-24]. In the liver, feeding increases insulin secretion, which activates the Akt pathway in hepatocytes [25,26]. A recent study shows that Akt-S473 is specifically phosphorylated by the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR). Additionally, the disruption of macrophage mTOR signaling reduces inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-induced mice [27]. Busch et.al suggests that Akt is one of the main upstream stimulatory kinases that modulated by Sirt1 [28]. However, whether Sirt1 could regulate obesity-related inflammation via the interaction with Akt/mTOR is remain poorly understood.

In this study, we show Sirt1 executes an anti-inflammation regulation role by interacting with Akt/Foxo1/Foxo3a. Interestingly, Foxos bind with the promoter region of IL-6 in accentuated adipose tissue inflammation. Further investigation reveals an unexpected role of mTORC/S6K1 signals in the regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. Thus, we provide a novel regulatory mechanism of adipose inflammation by Sirt1 and Foxos interaction and Akt/ mTOR/S6K1 signal pathway is involved in this process.

Results

Sirt1 Reduced Adipose Deposition and Foxos in Diet-Induced Obesity

To explore the effect of Sirt1 on obesity, we firstly fed six-weekold male mice on HFD for 7 weeks. Body weight and food intake were increased significantly in the HFD group (Figures 1A & B). mRNA levels of PPARγ and IL-6 were increased in the HFD group compared with those in the chow diet group, while Sirt1 mRNA level was decreased (Figure 1C). Then we measured the levels of Foxo family members, Figure 1D showed Foxo1 and Foxo3a were both increased in the HFD group. The levels of Foxo4 and Foxo6 had no difference between the two treatments. After 6 weeks of HFD feeding alone, Ad-Sirt1 and sh-Sirt1 were tail vein injection for 5 days in HFD mice. The protein level of Sirt1 was increased in AdSirt1 group and decreased markedly in the sh-Sirt1 group (Figure 1E). In addition, the inflammation marker protein IL-6 was reduced after Sirt1 overexpression and along with the decreased mRNA levels of Foxo1 and Foxo3a (Figures 1E & F). Body weight was decreased in Ad-Sirt1 group compared that in the control group, while sh-Sirt1 had the opposite effects (Figure 1G). No food intake difference was recorded among the two treatment groups (Figure 1H). Fat pads from different adipose locations (visceral, epididymal, inguinal) were all weighted less in Ad-Sirt1 treated mice compared with that in Ad-CMV treated mice and sh-Sirt1 significantly elevated fat pads weights (Figures 1I & J). Thus, we conclude Sirt1 reduces diet-induced obesity and decreases adipose tissue inflammation respond companied with the reduction of Foxos in HFD mice.

Sirt1 Reduced Foxos Expression and Played an Anti-Inflammation Role in Adipose Tissue

We next addressed whether the alternation of Sirt1 expression altered obesity-related inflammation. We first showed Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) successfully induced adipose tissue inflammation with elevated protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and reduced protein levels of IL-4 and IL-10 (Figure 2A). With LPS treatment, we also found Sirt1 had a dramatic reduction (Figure 2B). Moreover, LPS upregulated the mRNA levels Foxo1 and Foxo3a in white adipose tissue. And levels of Foxo4 and Foxo6 were comparable with LPS challenge condition (Figure 2C). To further explore the role of Sirt1 played in adipose inflammation, we measured the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 with Sirt1 treatment under LPS condition. Results showed that serum protein levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were lower in Ad-Sirt1 group and higher in sh-Sirt1 group suggesting Sirt1 effectively attenuated adipose inflammation (Figure 2D). In line with the reduction of pro-inflammation cytokines, Foxo1 and Foxo3a were downregulated after Sirt1 forced expression (Figure 2E). Consistently, overexpression of Sirt1 decreased the expression of M1 macrophage cytokines (Cd68, TNFα, and MCP-1) which were increased by sh-Sirt1 in macrophages of WAT, whereas M2 macrophage cytokines (Cd206 and Cd163) were up-regulated significantly compared with those in control group (Figure 2F). In addition, quantitative PCR analysis further showed Sirt1 reduced the expression of IL-6, TNFα, and MCP-1 in white adipose tissue (Figure 2G). However, the leptin level was up-regulated. Thus, our data establish that Sirt1 involves in adipose tissue inflammation by regulating Foxos expression.

Sirt1 Inhibited Inflammation via Foxo1/Foxo3a/Akt Pathway in Mice Adipocyte

We previously showed Sirt1 and Foxos family were related to adipose tissue inflammation. We first reconfirmed these results in mature adipocytes. Figures 3A-C indicated Sirt1 significantly blocked adipocyte differentiation and decreased the expression of PPARγ and FAS. Forced expression of Sirt1 in adipocytes significantly decreased the protein levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 while increased the level of leptin (Figure 3D). And in line with previous data, Sirt1 reduced the protein levels of Foxo1 and Foxo3a (Figure 3E). Further detection showed Sirt1 decreased the phosphorylation level of Akt, indicating Foxo1/Foxo3a/Akt signal pathway is involved in the regulation of Sirt1 on adipocyte inflammation (Figure 3E). And ChIP analysis demonstrated both Foxo1 and Foxo3a interacted with the promoter region of IL-6 (Figure 3E).

Sirt1 Directly Interacted with Akt/Foxo1/Foxo3a in Obesity-Related Inflammation

To determine whether Sirt1 and Akt/Foxos interacted in adipose inflammation, we performed the protein-protein measurement. In mice adipocytes, basal Akt protein interacted with transfected Sirt1 protein (Figure 4A). Interestingly, further IP analysis showed Sirt1 also interacted with Foxo1 and Foxo3a in transfected adipocytes (Figures 4B & C). Consider the effects of Sirt1 on adipose inflammation, we transfected adipocytes with Ad-Sirt1 (sh-Sirt1) and Ad-Foxo1 to elucidate the regulation mechanism between Sirt1 and Foxos family. Figure 4D showed co-transfected adipocytes with Ad-Sirt1 and Ad-Foxo1 increased the expression level of IL-6 compared with that in Ad-Sirt1 transfected group. While leptin was strongly reduced in the co-transfected group (Figure 4D). As expected, co-transfected adipocytes with Ad-Sirt1 and Ad-Foxo3a obtained the consistent data (Figure 4E), confirming the interaction of Sirt1 and Foxos family. Then we used the Ad-Sirt1-mutant vector and Ad-Foxo1 vector to treat cells, the result demonstrated after blocking the function of Sirt1, Foxo1 drastically increased the level of IL-6 (Figure 4F), which was the same in Ad-Sirt1-mutant and Ad-Foxo3a co-treatment group (Figure 4G). Thus, we conclude that Sirt1 executes its anti-inflammation function due to the direct reaction with Akt and Foxos family.

Sirt1 Reduced Adipose Tissue Inflammation by Inhibiting Foxos Family

We next characterize the Foxos family function in the regulation of Sirt1 on adipocyte inflammation. Figure 5A showed adipocytes pre-incubated with LPS for 12 h did not impair cell viability and induced the adipocyte inflammation successfully (Figure 5B). We found no evidence of cell apoptosis as demonstrated by the mRNA level of caspase3 (Figure 5B). Then with the LPS challenge condition, cells co-transfected with Ad-Sirt1 and Ad-Foxo1 presented a more severe inflammation compared with that in Ad-Sirt1 alone treated group (Figure 5C). Pro-inflammation cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1 showed in Figure 5C was reduced in Sirt-1 overexpression group, while Ad-Foxo1 treatments reverse these genes expression which accentuated adipocyte inflammation. Anti-inflammation factor leptin was increased with Ad-Sirt1 transfection, however strikingly decreased after Ad-Foxo1 treating (Figure 5C). Consistently, we got the same results in Ad-Foxo3a and Ad-Sirt1 treatment group (Figure 5D). To this end, these data demonstrate Sirt1 plays an antiinflammation function through inhibiting Foxos function.

mTOR/S6K1 Signal Pathway was essential for Sirt1 in the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Inflammation

To further dissect the mechanism underlying the role of Sirt1 in the regulation of adipose inflammation we first measured the phosphorylation levels of mTORSer2448 and S6K1Thr389 with or without Sirt1 treatment. Strikingly forced expression of Sirt1 increased the level of p-mTORSer2448 and p-S6K1Thr389 while shSirt1 had the opposite effects (Figure 5A). And further addition of mTOR signaling inhibitor Rapamycin inhibited the activity of mTOR effectively, while Ad-Sirt1 transfection alleviated the inhibition of mTOR activity (Figure 5A). Additionally, we observed the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway by Sirt1 strongly reduced the levels of Foxo1, Foxo3a, and IL-6 and elevated the protein level of leptin (Figure 5B). Further addition of Rapamycin decreased the protein levels of Foxo1, Foxo3a, and IL-6 more obviously (Figure 5B). Thus, the adipose inflammation is associated with mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway, and Sirt1 and Foxos played opposite roles in this process. Together, these data demonstrate the mTOR signal pathway is involved in Sirt1 inhibition of adipose tissue inflammation.

Discussion

It is now well recognized that in obesity-related diseases, chronic low-grade tissue inflammation is an important etiologic component of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes [7,29,30]. Activation of Sirt1 leads to the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity [31,32]. Here our data demonstrated that HFD reduced the expression level of Sirt1 and increased the levels of Foxo1 and Foxo3a. While Foxos family members Foxo4 and Foxo6 were comparable in HFD group and control group. HFD also induced a high level of IL-6, the cytokine of inflammation. Adipose inflammation is a hot issue in decades, it represents by the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10 by monocytes or macrophages. Studies have indicated interfering of Foxos in cells results in reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [33]. We hypothesized that Sirt1 and Foxos had the opposite function. Upon the direct interaction, we confirmed this effect by performing the co-transfection of Sirt1 and Foxo1/Foxo3a. Studies show that Foxos and Sirt1 can inhibit NFkappa B signaling and simultaneously protect against inflammation process [34]. Our data confirmed that Sirt1 reduced adipose tissue inflammation by inhibiting Foxo1 and Foxo3a which bind to the promoter region of IL-6 (Figure 6).

Acts, the downstream effectors of insulin signal, is activated and affect metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, cell growth and inflammation [35,36]. Inhibiting the Akt signal pathway increased anti-inflammatory effects and decelerated the metabolic syndrome. The sirt1 level was increased in response to calorie restriction, the most consistent intervention to increase lifespan and protect against deteriorations in biological functions in many key metabolic tissues [37,38]. Pang et.al has been reported Sirt1 directly binding with Akt2 to inhibited adipogenesis [39]. By immunoprecipitation, we also found Sirt1 and Akt had a protein-protein interaction during adipose tissue inflammation respond. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K), Akt, and their downstream kinase, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), are implicated in insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and inflammation. Here, we focused on the influence of Sirt1 on mTOR signal pathway. Our data showed Sirt1 inhibited the phosphorylation level of mTOR. This demonstrated that mTOR was involved in the regulation of adipose inflammation by Sirt1. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase regulates protein synthesis [40]. Studies report that activation of mTOR plays key roles in TNF-α-induced inflammatory cascades [41] and is also implicated in inflammation-related diseases. Inhibition of mTOR promotes triacylglycerol lipolysis and release of free fatty acids, blocks adipogenesis, and impairs the maintenance of fat cells [42-44]. Our data showed that Sirt1 decreased the phosphorylation level of mTOR/S6K1 signal pathway, while Rapamycin, a special inhibitor of mTOR signal significantly attenuated this effect. Consistently, we found both Foxos and IL-6 were reduced by Sirt1 treatment and reversed by the addition of Rapamycin. This suggested an association between inflammatory cytokine decrease and mTOR inactivation by the interaction of Sirt1 and Akt/Foxos. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Sirt1 decreases adipose inflammation by directly banding with Foxos. Moreover, mTOR/S6K1 signal pathway is essential in the process of inhibiting adipose inflammation. This will promise as a novel strategy for the treatment of obesity-associated inflammation.

Materials and Methods

Animal Studies

Eight-week-old BALB/c male mice were purchased from the Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Company (Beijing, China). All mice experiments were carried out in accordance with the protocol approved by the Animal Ethics Committee and the experimental protocol was performed in accordance with applicable guidelines and regulations. Mice were allowed ad libitum access to water and standard laboratory diet for the first two weeks and kept in the animal room (25°C ± 1°C, humidity at 55 ± 5%, and a 12 h light/ 12-dark cycle). Mice were subsequently randomly assigned to two groups: high-fat diet fed group (60 Kal%; Animal Center of the Fourth Military Medical University) or chow diet fed group (10 Kal%; Animal Center of the Fourth Military Medical University) for the next 6 weeks. Then mice were tail vein injection with Ad-Sirt1 or sh-Sirt1 for the following 7 days. Then animals were euthanized immediately after insulin treatment, subcutaneous adipose tissues were quickly collected in liquid nitrogen and kept at -80°C for subsequent analysis. For LPS (100μg/kg; Sigma; USA) challenge study, animals were an intraperitoneal injection for 3 days before Ad-Sirt1 or sh-Sirt1 tail vein injection treatment.

Metabolic Phenotyping

Body weight and food intake were recorded once a week [45]. Visceral fat, epididymal fat and inguinal fat were harvested and weighed. The serum concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6, 4, 10 (IL-6,4,10) were detected using commercial ELISA kits (Cell Signaling Technology, USA) according to the protocol.

Primary Adipocyte Culture

Inguinal white adipose tissue was harvested, visible fibers and blood vessels were removed, and the adipose tissue was washed three times with PBS buffer containing 200U/mL penicillin (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) and 200U/mL streptomycin (Sigma, St. Louis, USA). Then the adipose tissue was minced into fine sections (1 mm3) with scissors and incubated in 10 mL of digestion buffer containing Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F-12 (Gibco, USA), 100 mM HEPES (Sigma, St. Louis, USA), 1.5% bovine serum albumin (Sigma, St. Louis, USA), 2 mg/mL type I collagenase (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) for 50 min at 37°C in a water bath. After the incubation, growth medium (DMEM/F-12 (50:50)), 15% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, St. Louis, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 U/mL streptomycin were added to the digestion flask. Flask contents were mixed and filtered through nylon screens with 250μm and 20μm mesh openings to remove undigested tissue and large cell aggregates. The filtered cells were centrifuged at 1, 300 × g for 7 min at room temperature to separate floating adipocytes from cell pellets. Finally, cells were seeded into 35-mm primary culture dishes at a density of 8 × 104 cells/dish and incubated at 37°C under a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air until confluence.

Drug Treatment in Primary Adipocytes

Primary adipocytes from white adipose tissue were treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 12h to stimulate adipose inflammation. At the end of the treatment, adipocytes were collected for further detection. Ad-Foxo1 and Ad-Foxo3a and Ad-Sirt1-mutant recombinant adenovirus vectors were kept in our lab. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 Lazy me, China) assay. Collected cells were seeded in 96-well plate at a density of 5 × 103 and cultured for 12 h. 10μl CCK-8 was added into each well and incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. Absorbance was quantified at 450 nm by Vector 5 (Bio-Tech Instruments, USA). In signal transduction events, cells were pretransfected with Ad-Sirt1 or sh-Sirt1 and then incubated with 5 nM Rapamycin for 60min.

Immunoprecipitation (IP) and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Analyse

Primary adipocytes were transfected with plasmids include His-Sirt, Akt, His-Akt, Sirt1, Foxo1, His-Foxo1, Foxo3a and HisFoxo3a. The whole cell lysate was harvested in lysis buffer 48 h post-transfection. The supernatant of whole cell lysate was precleared with protein A for 2 h and incubated with 4 μg primary antibody overnight at 4°C. Immune complexes were pulled down with protein A for 2 h at 4°C with shaking. Beads were washed once with lysis buffer and three times with wash buffer followed by western blot analysis. Adipocytes were prepared for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using a ChIP assay kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Primary antibodies of Foxo1 and Foxo3a (ab39670 and ab12162, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or IgG (ab171870, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were used. DNA-protein crosslinking complexes were collected, and purified DNA was subjected to qPCR with SYBR green fluorescent dye (Invitrogen, Californian, USA).

Real-Time PCR Analysis

Total RNA was extracted with Tripura Reagent kit (Takara, Dalian, China) and 400ng of total RNA was reverse transcribed using the M-MLV reverse transcriptase kit (Takara, China). Primers for the study were synthesized by Shanghai Sangon Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Quantitative PCR was performed in 25μL reactions containing specific primers and SYBR Premix EX Taq (Takara, Dalian, China). The levels of mRNAs were normalized to β-actin. The expression of genes was analyzed by the method of 2-△△Ct.

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer for 40 min at 4°C. Removed insoluble material by centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C, and the supernatants were used to assay protein levels. Protein samples (50 μg) were separated by electrophoresis on 12% and 5% SDS-PAGE gels using slab gel apparatus and then transferred to PVDF nitrocellulose membranes (Millipore, USA) blocked with 5% skim milk powder/Tween 20/TBST at room temperature for 2 h. Primary antibodies against Raptor, p-mTORSer2448, mTORSer2448, p-S6K1Thr389, S6K1Thr389 p-Akt, Akt and GAPDH were purchased from Bioworld (USA). Antibodies against Sirt1, leptin, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, and Foxo1, Foxo3a, target-His were formed Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Rapamycin (Rapa) was from Sigma (USA). Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight and then incubated with the appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Baoshan, China) for 2h at room temperature. Proteins were visualized using chemiluminescent peroxidase substrate (Millipore, USA), and then the blots were quantified using ChemiDoc XRS system (Bio-Rad, USA) and Quantitative analysis of immune-blotted bands was performed using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, USA).

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS v8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Comparisons among individual means were made by Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD). Data were presented as mean ± SD. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by a grant from Tibet Science and Technology Key Science and Technology Project.

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Abstract

Sirtuin Type 1 (Sirt1) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and obesity. The overload calorie intake causes the imbalance between lipolysis and lipogenesis and leads to adipose tissue dysfunction. Moreover, adipose tissue dysfunction also attracts obesityassociated inflammation. Recent data show that Sirt1 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory progression and insulin sensitivity in macrophages and adipocytes. However, the regulatory mechanism of Sirt1 on adipose tissue inflammation remains unclear. In the current study, we found that High-Fat-Diet (HFD) reduced Sirt1 mRNA level but increased Foxo1 and Foxo3a levels in mice. Overexpressed Sirt1 increased leptin mRNA level whereas decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Foxo1, Foxo3a and inflammatory marker genes in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we found that Foxos binds to the IL-6 promoter region to promote adipose inflammation. However, Sirt1 inhibited Foxo1 and Foxo3a by direct protein and protein interaction. Next, we found Sirt1 increased the protein levels of raptor, p-mTOR, and p-S6K1, and these results were reversed by Rapamycin addition. Despite the overexpression of Sirt1, the protein levels of Foxo1, Foxo3, and IL-6 were increased by the addition of Rapamycin. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Sirt1 decreases adipose inflammation by directly banding with Foxos. Moreover, mTOR/S6K1 signal pathway is essential in the process of inhibiting adipose inflammation. This will promise as a novel strategy for the treatment of obesity-associated inflammation.

Keywords: Sirt; Foxo; Inflammation; Adipose; mTOR