Research Article
Abstract
Complex training is a series of exercises performed in succession, one with large loads and another with smaller loads and moved at high speed, with the aim of improving power and speed. The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of complex training on molecular differentiation of skeletal muscles and record level of 100m hurdles for female college students. Ten female college students from Faculty of physical education for girls (grade three). Helwan University participated in this study. All participants were fully informed about the aims of the study and gave their voluntary consent before participation. The measurement procedures were in agreement with ethical human experimentation. The results show very high progress in the completely physical parameters including flexibility, agility, coordination, power of legs, trunk and arms. In addition, the Time of 100-hurdle run was reduced by two seconds, which are very decisive in running time since a fraction of second may change from rank to another.
Keywords: Complex Training; Plyometric; MyoD; Protein; Endurance
Introduction
Strength is a fundamental ability in most sports disciplines. The training carried out for the development of this quality depends on the type of force solicitation that is required in the practiced sports specialty. Players of 100-meter hurdle race require power to overcome the hurdle, which is repeated ten times during the race. In addition, it needs the most explosive power to run the three steps in-between hurdles. Hence, it is important to improve power capacity required to encounter many steps in an explosive muscle contractions for longest time in the race [1]. For each of the manifestations of force, there are various methods of work. One of these methods is complex training. The complex method was developed by Europeans sports scientists to combine training results with heavy loads with what they called “shock training”, which is ultimately Plyometrics [2]. As early as 1966, Verkhoshansky recommended the combination of squats and jumps as an interesting method for the development of explosive force [3]. This author defined the complex method as a series of exercises performed in succession, one with large loads and another with smaller loads and moved at high speed, with the aim of improving power and speed [4].
The fundamentals of the complex method are based on the following: work with heavy loads increases the excitability of the moto-neurons and the enhancement reflex, which can create optimum training conditions for the subsequent performance of plyometric exercise [2,4,5]. This phenomenon is known as post-activation potentiation [6]. For this mechanism there are two possible explanations: on the one hand it is thought that it may be due to improvements in the pre-stimulation of motor neurons excitability (greater recruitment of motor units, better synchronization or decrease in presynaptic inhibition) [7-9]. The other possible explanation would be the phosphorylation of the light chain of myosin kinase due to its activation after the release of sarcoplasmic calcium because of muscle stimulation. In this way, the ATP is cleaved to form myosin-act bridges. Thus, when accelerated, the sensitivity of phosphorylation of the myosin light chain is increased and, therefore, the rate of formation of these bridges is improved and the muscle fiber increases the rate of development of the force [6,10].
Skeletal muscle is composed of two types of fibers, each of which have its own distinct properties [11]. Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers that are responsible for oxidative metabolism, rich in mitochondria and are increased in vascularization, hence fatigue resistant. Type II (fast twitch) fibers responsible for glycolytic metabolism and fatigue rapidly [11]. Skeletal muscle can interchange between its fiber types in response to type of exercise training [12]. The basic fiber structure is called basic Helix-LoopHelix (bHLH) is under control of a transcription factor called MyoD [13]. MyoD can control muscle fiber type synthesis [14] and is controlled by many types of complex exercises. MyoD binds DNA as a heterodimer which affecting bHLH proteins synthesis [13]. The N terminus of MyoD encodes an activation of the histone acetyltransferase and other chromatin remodeling enzymes [15]; direct to fast fibers expression more than slow fibers [16]. Overexpression of an active form of MyoD in muscle results in a slowto-fast fiber type conversion [17]. Thus, this study is an attempt to investigate the impacts of complex training on molecular differentiation of skeletal muscles and record level of 100m hurdles for female college students.
Material and Methods
Experimental Approach to the Problem
One group (experimental) performed a pre and post training designed intervention in which Power endurance, Flexibility, Agility, Coordination, Leg power, Trunk power, Arm power, Record of 100-meter hurdle and serum MyoD levels. The experimental group trained one hour per day 3 times a week on complex training for ten weeks. The experimental group completed a training program to see whether this type of training modality would have a positive or negative or no effect on study variables. The training design represented in the Table 1.
Table 1: Training program design.
Participants
Ten female college students from Faculty of physical education for girls (grade three). Helwan University participated in this study. All participants were fully informed about the aims of the study and gave their voluntary consent before participation. The measurement procedures were in agreement with ethical human experimentation.
Procedures
Blood Analysis: Rest blood samples were collected under aseptic conditions from the anti-cubital vein. Blood sampling was obtained immediately after effort. The biochemical evaluation of MyoD in serum was measured with a commercial sandwich ELISA assay supplied by life Span Biosciences, Seattle, USA.
Statistical Analysis: All statistical analyses were calculated by the SPSS statistical package. The results are reported as means and Standard Deviations (SD). Student’s t-test for Paired samples was used. The level of significance was set at p≤0. 05.
Results
Table 2 shows the anthropometric characteristics (age, height, weight) of the subjects. No significant differences were observed in anthropometric characteristics. Table 3 shows highly significant increase in all power parameters; power improving was recognized in either the legs or arms and shoulders. Table 4 shows very high progress in the completely physical parameters including flexibility, agility, and coordination, legs, and trunk and arms power. Time of 100 hurdle run was reduced by two seconds which are very decisive in running time since a fraction of second may change from rank to another. Table 5 shows significantly higher post-exercise after the program compared to that obtained post-exercise before the program. Amazing result was designated in the rest where they were very close to each other indicating stability of MyoD levels in serum
Table 2: Anthropometric characteristics of the studied athletes.
Table 3: Power endurance Parameters.
Table 4: Physical parameters.
Table 5: Serum MyoD levels.
Note: * The level of significance was set at p≤0. 05.
Discussion
The goal of this study was to identify the impacts of complex training on molecular differentiation of skeletal muscles and record level of 100m hurdles for female college students. The results indicated that 10 weeks of complex training program can maintain or improve 100 meter hurdle run, physical parameters and MyoD levels in serum between the pre-posttests. This confirmed by anther findings of 12 weeks of complex training program by Kim and Han [18]. Therefore, more-active development and application of this effective and practical complex exercise program are needed. All physical parameters were significantly improved including Flexibility, Agility, Compatibility, Legs ability, Trunk ability, Arms ability and even the 100 M hurdles record in seconds. Previous studies assured different combinations/sequences of weight training combined with plyometric sets result in performance improvements in muscle strength and jump ability [19]. Most agility tasks require a rapid switch from eccentric to concentric muscle action in the leg extensor muscles. Thus, it has been suggested that PLY can decrease ground reaction test times through the increase in muscular force output and movement efficiency, therefore positively affecting agility performance [20]. Also, previous studies investigated the complex training effects on horizontal jump performance when PLY was combined with WT. Results indicated that such combination may be beneficial for enhancing horizontal jumping performance [21].
The main finding of the present study was that power capacity performance was significantly increased after 10 weeks of complex training, with better records of 100-meter hurdle sprints. These results agreed with that suggest performing strength and power training sessions is more effective for improving explosive muscle performance [22]. Stasinaki et al. [22] found that complex training program induce stronger leg power with greater type I muscle fiber cross sectional area. However, studies comparing compound versus complex training indicated load variation in complex training may is the cause to induce power enhancement [23]. Wh (en combined with WT over 6-12 weeks [24,25], sprinting performance improved in the range of +0.2–3.0%. The resting values of MyoD in all subjects were not significantly changed. In the experimental subjects, there was increased MyoD following exercise whilst in the pre- or postprogram and when compared to control subjects.
Skeletal muscle compensates for the turnover of fibers and cells to maintain tissue homeostasis [26]. This type of myogenesis depends on the activation of satellite cells that can differentiate into new fibers [27]. MyoD is important regulator for adaptation of the skeletal muscle to mechanical stress such as exercise. The activation and proliferation of satellite cells is essential for hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. MyoD up-regulate satellite cell proliferation [27]. Previous investigations found MyoD expression was induced 0–8 h after a high glycaemic meal, but only 0 and 3 h after the same meal plus one-legged knee extensor exercise [28], indicating that MyoD induction time is reduced by the addition of exercise. Induction of MyoD expression by resistance (high load, low repetition) versus endurance (low load, high repetition) exercise has been shown to induce different time courses of MyoD expression. It is increased 8- and 5-fold after 30 min of continuous treadmill running, resistance exercise (consisting of three sets of 10 bilateral knee extensions) on the other hand, enhanced MyoD expression 6-fold 8 h after the exercise [29-30].
Practical Applications
Complex Training is a training method aimed at developing high progress in the completely physical parameters including flexibility, agility, coordination, power of legs, trunk and arms. which has a direct effect on the time of 100-hurdle run. When outlining the season planning for athletics, strength and conditioning professionals should take into consideration that this may be a suitable method as it produces high training effects on hurdle sprint performance.
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