Abstract

Pulmonary artery remodeling plays a key role in the development of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH). And the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway takes part in this pathological process. It is well known that sildenafil improved the PAH by inhibiting the PDE5.However whether sildenafil could inhibit the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway is unknown. Thus, sixty rats were randomly divided into a control group (Control), a model group (MCT) and a sildenafil group (MCT+SILD). MCT solution (60mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to establish the model of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in the MCT and MCT+SILD groups. Treatment with sildenafil (50mg/kg) was orally administrated from the 22nd day for 2 weeks. At the end of the 5th week, the Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) was obtained, and the Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index (RI) was determined as the ratio of the right ventricular weight to the left ventricular plus septal weight (RV/LV+S). Western blots were used to determine the expression of TGFβ1, Smad2/3, P-Smad 2/3 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP9) in lung tissues. Results showed that TGFβ1, Smad2/3, P-Smad 2/3, MMP2 and MMP9 expressions, as well as RVSP and RI, were decreased in the sildenafil treatment group. Sildenafil may have an inhibition effect on the TGFβ1-Smad2/3 pathway in rats.

Keywords: MMP2/9; Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; Smad2/3; Sildenafil; Tgf-β1

Abbreviations: MCT: Monocrotaline; SILD: Sildenafil; PVR: Pulmonary Vascular Resistance; PAH: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; MMP: Matrix Metalloproteinase; RVSP: Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure; RI: Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index

Introduction

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a serious vascular disease characterized by elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (PAP), resulting in progressive right heart hypertrophy and failure [1,2]. Recently, PAH has increasingly become recognized as a chronic proliferative disease, particularly because of the extensive vascular remodeling of the small pulmonary arteries [3,4]. Pathologically, the changes involve pulmonary arterial fibrosis and lumen stenosis [2].

At the molecular level, TGF-β1 transduces messages from the cell membrane to nucleus by binding to its receptor and modulates the proliferation, migration and differentiation of various cells [5]. It has been proven that TGF-β1 could induce the differentiation and migration of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells (PSMCs). In addition, the TGF-β1/Smads signal pathway was activated in PAH, increasing its incidence [6,7].

Sildenafil, a new PDE5 inhibitor, improved the exercise capacity and hemodynamics of PAH. Molecularly, sildenafil effectively decreases Pulmonary Arterial Pressure and improves its clinical symptoms by mediating the NO-cGMP pathway [8-12]. However, whether sildenafil suppresses the remodeling of PAH via the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smads in PSMCs is unknown. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the role of sildenafil in PSMC remodeling in PAH via the inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smads signal pathway.

Materials and Methods

Animals and Ethics Statement

In this study, male Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats, weighing between 200 and 250 g, aged 6-8 weeks, were obtained from the Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang province (certificate no. SCXL (Zhe) 2008-0033). Animals were acclimated for at least one week at room temperature (18-25 °C), 55±5% humidity and a 12-h light/dark cycle. The animals were given free access to a standard diet and tap water. All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Review of Animal Use Application of Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang, China) and were in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Experimental Protocols and Treatment

Sixty rats were randomly assigned to three groups. The control group (control, n = 10) was orally administered 0.9% saline. The model group (MCT, n = 25) received MCT with 0.9% saline. After three weeks, as previous study showed that the PAH was established [13], the sildenafil group (MCT+SILD, n = 25) received sildenafil (Plant Bio-Engineering Co, Ltd, Xi’an, China) at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day for two weeks. MCT (Sigma, USA) was dissolved in 1 mol/L HCl, and the pH was adjusted to 7.20-7.40 with 1 mol/L NaOH. Rats in the MCT and MCT+SILD groups were subcutaneously injected with the MCT solution (60 mg/kg) once. Control rats were injected with an equal volume of saline.

Hemodynamic and Cardiac Monitoring

Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane via respiratory tract (Induction with concentration of 3-4% for two minutes and concentration of 2% for maintaining), followed by the insertion of a catheter (PE50 tubule) into the right ventricular cavity through the right jugular vein. After measuring the Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP, mmHg), the rats were sacrificed with 10% potassium chloride solution (100mg/kg) administered to the inferior vena cava under the anesthetized condition of isoflurane. The heart was dissected, and the right ventricular hypertrophy index (RI) was assessed by the ratio of the right ventricular weight to the left ventricular plus septal weight (RV/LV+S). Finally, the right lung was fixed in 10% formaldehyde for histopathology studies, and the remainder was stored at -80°C.

Histopathology

After incubation for 72 hours, tissues from the upper lobe of the right lung were dehydrated via a graded alcohol series, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 3-5-μm-thin sections. The tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), undergoing Masson staining and immunostaining with ɑ-SMA. The medial film thickness in small arteries (diameter 25-100µm) was visualized with a microscope.

Western Blot

Frozen lung tissues were homogenized in a Radio-Immunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA) lysis buffer (JRDUN Biotechnology(shanghai) co.Ltd, China) with protease and phosphatase inhibitors and centrifuged at 12000g for 15 minutes. A bicinchoninic acid (Thermo, USA) reagent was used to measure the supernatant protein content. Extracts containing 80µg protein were electrophoresed and separated on 10% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (Merck Millipore, Germany). The separated proteins were blocked with 5% skim milk at room temperature for one hour and incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies, including MMP2 (diluted 1:1000; Abcam, England), MMP9(diluted 1:1000; Abcam, England), TGF-β1 (diluted 1:1000; Abcam, England), Smad2 (diluted 1:1000; Abcam, England), Smad3 (diluted 1:5000; Abcam, England), P-Smad2 (diluted 1:300;Abcam,England),P-Smad3(diluted 1:300; Abcam, England) and rabbit anti-GAPDH (diluted 1:1500; Cell Signaling Technology, USA). The membranes were then incubated with an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (diluted 1:1000; Beyotime Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China) at room temperature for 1 hour. The bands were detected using a Super Signal ECL kit (Merck Millipore, Germany) in a Western blotting detection system (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) and quantified by density values, which were normalized to GAPDH.

Statistical Analysis

The data are presented as means ± Standard Deviation (SD). Significant differences were determined by one-way ANOVA using SPSS19.0 statistical software (IBM) followed by a least significant difference test for multiple comparisons. Values were significant when P < 0.05.

Results

Sildenafil Decreases Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

At the end of the fifth week, RVSP was significantly increased in MCT-treated rats compared with the control group (48.86±2.32vs. 24.54±2.03, P < 0.05), while RVSP was partially alleviated in the sildenafil group (37.58 ±2.53, vs. the MCT group, P < 0.05). Rats in the MCT group showed a significant right heart hypertrophy compared with the control group (0.56±0.02 vs. 0.29±0.02, P < 0.05), which was attenuated by sildenafil (0.48 ± 0.01, P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in RVSP and RI among the three groups (Table 1).

Table 1: Sildenafil decreases right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Note: *P<0.05, MCT vs Control; #P<0.05, MCT+SILD vs MCT.

MCT: Monocrotaline; SILD: Sildenafil

RVSP: Right ventricular systolic pressure

RI: Right ventricular hypertrophy index

Sildenafil Inhibits the Remodeling of Small Pulmonary Arteries

Under the microscope, the media of small arteries were more obviously thickened with fibrosis in the model (MCT) group compared with the control group. These pathological changes were improved with sildenafil treatment (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Sildenafil inhibits the small pulmonary arteries smooth muscle cells remodeling.

Note: Representative photomicrograph of pulmonary small artery remodeling indicated by HE staining, Masson staining and immunostaining with α-SMA in rat lung tissues (scan bar = 50µm, 400×).

Sildenafil Suppresses the Expression of TGF-β1

The results showed that MCT-injection caused a significant increase in the TGF- β1protein level. The relative level of TGF-β1 was 0.57±0.03 compared with the control group (0.26±0.03, P < 0.01, n=6/group). Sildenafil treatment partially suppressed the expression of TGF-β1when compared with MCT injection alone (0.40 ± 0.02, P < 0.01) (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Sildenafil reduces TGF-β1protein level in rat lung tissues.

Note: Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of TGF-β1 protein.

**P < 0.01, N = 6/group.

Sildenafil Inhibits the Relative Levels of P-Smad2/Smad2 and P-Smad3/Smad3

In this study, we found that MCT-induced PAH results in the increase of P-Smad2, P-Smad3, Smad2 and Smad3 in lung tissues. In addition, the ratio of P-Smad2/Smad2 was increased in the MCT group compared with the control group (p<0.01, n=6/group). The same result was obtained in the ratio of P-Smad3/Smad3(vs.MCT group,p<0.01,n=6/group). However, treatment with sildenafil reduced the levels of P-Smad2, P-Smad3, Smad2, and Smad3, and the ratio of P-Smad2/Smad2 and P-Smad3/Smad3 was also decreased respectively, (p<0.05, n=6/group) (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Sildenafil inhibits the relative level of P-Smand2/Smad2 and P-Smad3/Smad3.

Note: Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of target proteins.

**P < 0.01, *P<0.05, N = 6/group.

Sildenafil Reduces the Expression of MMP2 and MMP9

This study shows that the relative level of MMP2 was markedly increased in the MCT group from 0.36 ± 0.06 in the control group to 0.69±0.04 (P < 0.01, n=6/group), while the same change was obtained in the level of MMP9 in the MCT group (0.68±0.03 vs.0.36±0.05, MCT vs. Sham, p<0.01, n=6/group). However, sildenafil reduced the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 when compared with MCT injection alone (0.49± 0.02 ,0.56 ± 0.03, respectively, P<0.01, n=6/group;) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Sildenafil reduces expression of MMP2 and MMP9.

Note: Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of target proteins.

**P < 0.01, *P<0.05, N = 6/group.

Discussion

PAH is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, excessive vessels constriction and subsequently increased pulmonary pressure and eventually leading to right heart failure. In our study, Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy in the MCT group were significantly elevated, which strongly indicated that the model of MCT-related PAH was successfully established. Treatment of sildenafil significantly ameliorated the above adverse phenomena in accordance with the previous studies [14-17]. As we known that Fan Wu et al., have reported that sildenafil was able to reverse the increase in values of the wall thickness of the pulmonary arterioles induced by MCT [18], so in this study, the quantitative analysis of the wall thickness was not measured. Furthermore, at the molecular level, it reduced the levels of TGF-β1, P-Smad2/ Smad2, P-Smad3/Smad3, MMP2and MMP9 in lung tissues.

It has been proven that Smooth Muscle Cell (SMC) and Endothelial Cell (EC) proliferation take part in the pathology of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension [19- 22]. TGF-β is an important cytokine that is involved in regulating fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, migration and the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) [5]. There are three subtypes in the mammalian TGF-β family which exist in the tissues of the lung, heart and other organs, among which TGF -β 1 is obviously related to fibrosis [23,24]. Study has confirmed that the TGF-β1 can promote endothelial hyperplasia and enhance the deposition of the ECM in the process of vascular remodeling resulting from injury to the artery [25]. The combination of TGF -β1with its type I and II receptors on the membrane promotes Smads in the cytoplasm to form activated Smads. It is released from receptor complexes to form a trimer-containing two receptors-Smads and Smad4- and further regulates the expression of target genes in the nucleus [26]. As in previous studies, the relative levels of TGF-β1, P-Smad/ Smad2 and P-Smad3/Smad3 were increased significantly in lung tissues in the MCT group [27-29]. This result indicated that the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signal pathway takes part in the procession of PAH. In addition, treatment with sildenafil partly reduced the levels of these target proteins in lung tissues. Thus, we may speculate that sildenafil may improve the PAH via the inhibition of TGF-β1- Smad2/3 signal pathway at the molecular level, but this conclusion will in future be confirmed in cell research in vitro. Additionally, inhibitors of TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signal pathway will also be used to certify the effect in animal model.

ECM is an important component in pulmonary vascular remodeling and its metabolism, mainly by way of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs). The imbalance between MMPs and extracellular matrix metabolism promotes the formation of pulmonary hypertension. In the process of vascular remodeling, TGF-β1 can enhance the deposition of the extracellular matrix, mainly for collagen type I and fibronectin [24]. TGF- β1, Smad2, Smad3 can increase the synthesis of fibronectin, collagen and proteoglycans and reduce the decomposition of collagen protein, further resulting in an imbalance of the extracellular matrix and the deposition of collagen. Moreover, some MMPs can activate the extracellular TGF-β1, such as MMP2 and MMP9 [30]. In this study, the relative levels of MMP2 and MMP9 were markedly increased in the lung tissues of MCT-induced rats, consistent with an increase of TGF-β1, suggesting a complex relationship between the TGF-β1- Smad2/3 pathway and MMPs. Our study showed that treatment with sildenafil suppressed the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in lung tissues.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study showed that sildenafil ameliorated MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension. And sildenafil may have an inhibition effect on the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway.

Acknowledgement

This project was supported by the Medical and Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (grant no.2015KYA244).

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Abstract

Pulmonary artery remodeling plays a key role in the development of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH). And the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway takes part in this pathological process. It is well known that sildenafil improved the PAH by inhibiting the PDE5.However whether sildenafil could inhibit the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway is unknown. Thus, sixty rats were randomly divided into a control group (Control), a model group (MCT) and a sildenafil group (MCT+SILD). MCT solution (60mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to establish the model of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in the MCT and MCT+SILD groups. Treatment with sildenafil (50mg/kg) was orally administrated from the 22nd day for 2 weeks. At the end of the 5th week, the Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) was obtained, and the Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index (RI) was determined as the ratio of the right ventricular weight to the left ventricular plus septal weight (RV/LV+S). Western blots were used to determine the expression of TGFβ1, Smad2/3, P-Smad 2/3 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP9) in lung tissues. Results showed that TGFβ1, Smad2/3, P-Smad 2/3, MMP2 and MMP9 expressions, as well as RVSP and RI, were decreased in the sildenafil treatment group. Sildenafil may have an inhibition effect on the TGFβ1-Smad2/3 pathway in rats.

Keywords: MMP2/9; Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; Smad2/3; Sildenafil; Tgf-β1

Abbreviations: MCT: Monocrotaline; SILD: Sildenafil; PVR: Pulmonary Vascular Resistance; PAH: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; MMP: Matrix Metalloproteinase; RVSP: Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure; RI: Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index