"Anthelmintic Activity in Vitro of Ceratotheca Sesamoides Endl and Striga Hermonthica (Delile) Benth Aqueous Extracts on Haemonchus Contortus Adult Worms"

Citation: Amadou Dicko, Almamy Konate, Arnaud S.R. Tapsoba, Kisito Tindano, Moumouni Sanou, et al., Anthelmintic Activity in Vitro of Ceratotheca Sesamoides Endl and Striga Hermonthica (Delile) Benth Aqueous Extracts on Haemonchus Contortus Adult Worms. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 40(2)-2021. BJSTR. MS.ID.006414. In order to contribute for alternatives solutions to the chemical fight against NGIs, we carried out in vitro anthelmintic activity test of C. sesamoïdes, and of S. hermonthica aqueous extracts on adult worms of H. contortus. Three concentrations of each extract has be done; 100mg / ml, 50mg / ml and 25mg / ml. A negative control (PBS 1X) and a positive control levamisole at 2.5 mg / ml were constituted. The test was performed in three replicates with three replicas for each concentration per replicate. Adult worms were contacted with each concentration and then incubated in petri dishes (60X15cm) at 27 °C for 20 hours. The results showed a mortality rate of 79.86% at the concentration of 100mg / ml of C. sesamoids and 22.13% at the same concentration of the aqueous extract of S. hermonthica after 20 hours. Statistical analysis shows high significance P (<0,05). The LC (50) obtained were 78.74mg / ml and 212.13mg / ml respectively for C. sesamoides and S. hermonthica


Introduction
Agriculture and livestock employ more than 90% of the population in Burkina Faso [1]. With 26% of export earnings, livestock is the third largest provider of currency after gold and cotton [2]. Livestock provides 38.8% of cash income to households allowing them to access basic social services [3,4]. In 2018, small ruminants breeding represent the second largest activity in the livestock sub-sector in terms of numbers after poultry farming with respectively 15,635,000 number of goats and 10,442,000 number of sheep [5]. Small ruminants is a source of food and nutritional security as well as easily mobilized savings and provides 32% of 30 billion CFA that livestock contribute to the economy of Burkina Faso [1,6]. Despite small ruminant's socioeconomic importance, their productivity is low due to gastrointestinal parasitosis endemicity.
Among these parasites, infestations due to gastrointestinal strong loses are the most dangerous and cause more significant economic losses [1,7]. H. contortus represents the most widespread and the most pathogenic due to its feeding method (hematophagous [8].
Synthetic anthelmintics are commonly used as a means of combating digestive parasitosis caused by gastrointestinal nematodes. These molecules remain unavailable or even inaccessible to rural producers who are the most vulnerable to infestations due to gastrointestinal nematodes [9]. Globally, the excessive use of these antiparasitic has generated resistance to all anthelmintic molecules [10]. The objective of our study is to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity worms of aqueous extracts of two Sahelian herbaceous on H. contortus adult worms.

Harvest of the Studied Species
Chosen species were collected in the municipality of Dori, capital city of Séno province. These are forage herbs C. sesamoides and S. hermonthica. Both species were harvested between the end of September and mid-October and then dried in the shade at the Regional Direction for Environmental and Agricultural

Study Environment
The in vitro tests were carried out at the Animal Biology and

Extract's Preparation
The samples of each dried plant were ground into powder.
Aqueous maceration (100g of powder in 900ml of distilled water) was carried out for 24 hours with mechanical stirring at room temperature. The macerations were then filtered three times with hydrophilic cotton and concentrated in the freezer. The concentrated filtrates were subsequently lyophilized.

Preparations of Stock Solutions
Stock solutions of each extract were prepared by diluting 3g of extract from each plant in 30ml of PBS (1X) to obtain 100mg / ml concentration for each extract. The dilution was homogenized using a sonicator for 3 minutes. From the stock solution two other solutions of lower concentrations, namely 50mg / ml and 25mg / ml of each extract were produced. Levamisole (standard anthelmintic) 2.5mg / ml and PBS (1X) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.

Harvests of Adult Worms
The adult worms were collected from abomasum of freshly slaughtered sheep at the Kamboinsin slaughterhouse. The abomasum was incised longitudinally then emptied of their contents. The worms were then collected with forceps and placed in an 80 X 15cm petri dish containing PBS (1X).

Mortality Test for Adult Haemonchus Contortus Worms
The adult worm mortality test was carried out according to the

Statistical Analysis
The data were entered on the Excel Office software16 which was used for the calculation of the means and the Standard deviations.
The adults worms mortality rate at different follow-up times was subject of an one factor ANOVA followed by multiple comparison of mean by Tukey contrasts method at 5% significance level. Analyzes was performed using the Rstudio interface 1.4.1717 with Rcmdr version 2.7-1 packages of the R software version 4.1.0.The probit method was used to determine the lethal concentration of each extract which kills 50% of adult worms with SPSS STATISTICA26 software at 5% significance level.

Results
The results show that C. sesamoides aqueous extracts caused high mortality of H. contrortus adult worm compare to the negative control P (< 0.05). Its showed 79.86% of adult worm mortality at high of 100mg/ml while lower doses recorded low mortality rate.
The LC50 of 78.74mg/ml was obtained for C. sesamoides aqueous extracts. However, S. hermonthica aqueous extracts recorded low adult worms moratlity rate with an LC50 of 212.13mg/ml (Table 1). impact on the productivity of small ruminants leading to significant economic losses for producers [11,12]. The use of both these two species has no negative impact on the environment as they are annual grasses harvested at their maturity stages and which are naturally consumed by animals. Both species used in this study are widely used in the human and animal pharmacopoeia against several deseases [13,14].