A Hierarchical Model to Quantify Burnout Stage of Hotel Industry Employees in Ethiopia

A Hierarchical Model to Quantify Burnout Stage of Hotel Industry Employees in Ethiopia. Evidence suggested that burnout has a detrimental effect on employees and organizations. Hence, burnout prevention is one of the most critical parts of most organizations. Burnout has attracted the attention of many researchers in the past decades. These researchers mainly focus on identifying burnout syndrome, mitigation of burnout, and different methods to predict burnout. In this study, we propose a hierarchical approach to determine the level of burnout stages in hotel industry employees using data from a five-star hotel located in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the level of burnout stages of hotel employees in Ethiopia. The proposed model can also be used for non-hotel industries. Our result shows that 51% of the employees are in the honeymoon stage while 4 % are in onset. Employees who are in chronic and burnout stage are 21% and 22%, respectively.


Related Work
Burnout has attracted the attention of many researchers in the past decades [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The hotel and tourism industry has a higher impact on the world's economy, which boosts the economy of the tourist recipient countries [13]. Hospitality, a by-product of tourism, is the relationship between the service itself, the service provider, and the service receiver (the guest) in providing a range of services that includes the satisfaction of physical and psychological needs [14]. Hotel employees are constantly under pressure as they need to meet their customers' physical and psychological needs. If these pressures are not handled properly, they will lead the employee to frustration, stress, and loss of interest in their job. Burnout is a condition conceptualized as a result of workplace stress which has not been adequately managed [15,16]. Even if burnout is not yet categorized as a medical condition, it may lead to emotional and physical illness [17]. Burnout happens when an employee is overwhelmed, drained, or unable to meet the continuous demand of their working position. Burnout can affect anyone working in any industry.
The Winona state university adopted Venniga and Spradely's model of stages of burnout to assess the intensity of burnout risk in employees [18]. This model divides the burnout stages into Four.

Honeymoon Phase
This stage is the beginning of the feeling of burnout, which is not assimilated as burnout in most cases; however, most of the time, it's hard to be diagnosed. Transferring to a new task and assignment of new responsibility is considered a triggering issue.
Personal life-related matters like divorce and having a new baby can also often be triggers [19]. This change of situation has an impact on the level of employee job satisfaction. A change of work environment plays a significant role in preventing entering the next stage of burnout. Employees will experience intense optimism, job satisfaction, commitment to tasks, a desire to prove themselves, and a substantial creativity boost [20]. If employers can maintain these positive changes, they may keep their employees in the honeymoon stage for a long time.

Onset Stress
When a workplace continues, positive incentives are ineffective, employees start to feel that some days are better than others at this stage [21]. Employees sometimes feel like they can't handle the stress at work. Common stress symptoms which may affect employee emotion will be more common. Employees in this stage may experience fatigue, difficulty to focus, irritability, racing heart, sleeping disturbance, headache, anxiety and less self-care [22].

Chronic Stress
When burnout reaches regular stages, the feeling in the onset stages become more frequent. A decrease in motivation will be noticed more often. At this stage, other people will also see changes in the behaviours like missing deadlines and giving a repetitive excuse. The physical and emotional symptoms intensify at this stage [23,24]. Employees in chronic stress may experience anger or aggressive behaviours, missing work deadlines, procrastination, physical pain or illness, instant panic, lack of interest, chronic fatigue and exhaustion, pressure, and social withdrawal from friends or families [20].

Burnout
When chronic symptoms are not handled properly, they will then transfer to the burnout stage. At this stage, it will not be feasible for the employee to continue working in their position. The continued feeling of powerlessness and failure will eventually run to the belief of disillusionment and despairs [25]. Employees feel like there is no way out of such circumstances and become stranded towards their job. Symptoms at this stage happen more frequently; employees may not even have a single day without feeling. Significant symptoms include Feeling emptiness, self-doubt, denial, desire to move away from work, chronic headache, behavioural changes, pessimistic mood and missing pieces [26].

Methodology
Initially, a correlation analysis is conducted on the variable to assess their interrelation between each other. All the variables are After completing the same calculation in all subgroups, the result gives the likelihood of each respondent states whether they are affected by each group or not. However, some employees can be categorized into multiple subgroups of burnout stages. Therefore, a filter is added to decide the current state of each employee.
The filter will take all the subgrouped results and only gives back the last positive observation of the burnout stage. For example, suppose an employee is found symptomatic in the onset, chronic and honeymoon stage. In that case, the filter will take the last observation of the positive symptom, which is the chronic stageassuming that the honeymoon and onset stages have already been passed. The flow chart of this methodology is presented in Figure  Figure 1: Layout of the methodology.

Results and Discussion
Initially, descriptive statistics of the data is reviewed, followed by a detailed presentation of results. The results of the data analysis are conducted in the manner described in the methods section of this paper.

Descriptive Statistics of the Data
Out of the 80 questionaries distributed, 73 (91%) questionaries were passed the requirement of data quality measures. The remaining 7 (9%) were either below the data quality requirement of this project or the respondent didn't give back the questionaries. Hence, the analysis is conducted using this data as 91% of the total sample data is valid and statistically significant to conclude the total population.

Correlation of the variables
The correlation of the variables is calculated, and a heat map of the variables is generated using python package. The purpose of the correlation analysis is to investigate the interrelation of variables in four sub-groups. The aim is to use these interrelations as a signifier of different burnout stages. However, as shown in Figure   5, most of the variables have no significant positive or negative correlation. More than 95% of the interrelation are between -3 and 3, representing a weak correlation among the variables.
As presented in Figure 6, 51.35% of the employees are on the honeymoon stage, implying that half of the employees are in safest burnout stage. However, the hotel needs to implement a strategy that keeps this group of employees in the same state. Otherwise, there will be a great chance this employee will slip to the onset stage.
The total number of employees in the onset stage is significantly less than the other groups (4.05%). One of the possible reasons why the number of people in this group is less is that employees might not recognize the symptoms of the onset stage. People on the onset stage might feel like they are in either the honeymoon stage or chronic stage. This depends on the severity of symptoms of the onset stage. It is easy to confuse the indicators of onset with the honeymoon stage and chronic stages. Employees on onset stages are in a better placed to receive treatment for their onset symptoms than the later two stages. Hence, the hotel needs to work on these employees to convert them to the honeymoon stage before the atmosphere converts them to a chronic stage. Around 20% of the hotel employees are in chronic stage, which is a red flag for the hotel to consider. Chronic stage is a stage that must be addressed before employees reached to uncurable phase.
The number of employees on this stage cannot be ignored as it can poison the whole work environment . The hotel needs to take intensive measures to tackle this issue by implementing a rigorous treatment plan that needs to be followed by a plan to measure the success of this implementation. The number of employees who are in the final stage (burnout) is 22.97%. This raises an alarm of concern that the hotel was neglecting a significant margin of its employee. As most studies agreed, employees on this stage require an extensive effort to bring them back to other stages. In some cases, it might even be impossible for the employee to be healed at this stage. There are currently 20% additional employees in the chronic phase, which can shift to burnout stage.   Considering the distribution of the participant's gender, the distribution of gender in chronic stage is almost even. The number of male employees in the chronic phase is 4 (5.56%), while the female employees count 11 (15.28%). The hotel needs to invest in both genders at this stage as this will be the last chance before it is too late to recover employees from burnout. The number of male and female employees in burnout stage is the same, 9 (12.5%).
However, as described in Figure 3, the number of samples taken from male and female employees is not equal. Female respondents count 73%, and male respondents estimate 27%. Hence, the number of male employees in burnout stage is 21% higher than that of female employees. The hotel needs to investigate why male employees in burnout stage are higher than the female. The hotel needs strict treatment measures to decrease these employee numbers, especially male employees in the last stage. As some studies suggested, it is severely challenging to treat employees who are on the final stage; it's more often uncurable at this stage ( Figure  7).

Burnout Stages by Face-To-Face Contact with Customers
The result presented in Figure 8 showed the distribution of burnout stages related to employees' job responsibility of faceto-face interaction with customers. The departments with faceto-face contact with customers are a spa, housekeeping, security front office, and the maintenance team. On the other hand, the Main kitchen. Finance and part of the maintenance team don't have face-to-face contact with customers. The result shows that employees who have a face-to-face interaction with customers have a higher margin in the four burnout stages. Hence, this indicates the possible link between face-to-face contact with customers and burnout. One of the probable causes for this is that this employee takes the load handling customers' demands, complaints and enquires. Therefore, the hotel needs special training for this group of customers, which can decrease the pressure of their position.  The housekeeping department is the only department where 100% of employees are on the honeymoon stage, followed by the front office (80%) and food and beverage (64%). There are few employees in onset stage from the food and drink and spa departments. The majority of the chronic stage employees are from the security department, followed by spa and finance. Housekeeping is the department that the hotel needs to critically work to save its employee from moving in the burnout stage. The result also shows that majority of the employees in maintenance departments are in the burnout stage. Security, spa food and beverage, front office and kitchen has a share of employees in burnout stages. Based on these results, the hotel must design the best possible combination of treatment for each department as per its need.

Conclusion
In this research, we propose a new hierarchical methodology to evaluate the burnout stage of employees in hotel industry. Using the proposed method, we quantify the burnout stage of five start hotel employees. The hotel investigated in this study is located in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Our result shows that 51% of the hotel employees are in the honeymoon stage while 4 % are in onset. Employees who are in chronic and burnout stage are 21% and 22%, respectively. We quantify results by gender, department, and face-to-face contact with the customer. The proposed method can also be used to quantify employee burnout stages in other sectors, different from hotel industries.