Hematological and Biochemical Alterations at Different Stages in Cattle Affected with Foot and Mouth Disease in Bangladesh

degeneration, as Tiger Heart disease It that 25% productivity of individual recovered animals are lost due FMD causes low ABSTRACT The aim of this study was carried out to evaluate the possible variation of hematological and biochemical profile in naturally infected cattle with Foot and Mouth Disease during the disease outbreak in 2016. For this purpose, a total number of 20 cattle over 1 year of age were used in this experiment. Of these 15 cattle showed characteristics clinical signs of FMD that exposed from 1 to 14 th days of post infection (DPI) and the remaining 5 cattle were clinically healthy and used as controls. Blood samples were used to establish total RBC, Hb, PCV, MCH and total MCV. Serum’s samples were also collected and used to establish the total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus and glucose. The mean values of red blood cells (RBCs), and hemoglobin (Hb) were decreased significantly (p≤0.01), on the other hand MCV value was increased significantly (p≤0.05) in FMD affected cattle in comparison to their healthy group. The serum biochemical constituents were representing a significant reduction in the average value of total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and significant production (p≤0.01) of phosphorus and glucose in cattle affected with FMD. Therefore, comparative study among the hematological and biochemical data concluded that, FMD causes significant decrease of RBC count, Hb, total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and significant increase of MCV and glucose and phosphorus. at Different Stages in Cattle with and Mean ± SE (Standard Error) in each group. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Duncan’s test performed when *p<0.05 compared to FMD control


Introduction
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most devastating disease of farm animals in the world that can destroy food supplies and farmer's livelihoods almost overnight of the wide number of cloven-hoofed animals include cattle, buffalo, pigs, sheep and goat [1]. The disease Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is generally characterized by the rapid appearance of high body temperature, respiratory and pulse rate following by the formation of vesicles on the tongue epithelium and skin particularly on the inter-digital space epithelium of the foot [2,3]. Even after recovery from the acute infection, most animals act as a carrier for each serotypes of the virus and the agent can be isolated from their esophagus and throat fluid after 2-3 years of post-infection [4][5][6] with a moderate raised values (p≤0.05) were recorded in rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rate, where highest values were during 3 to 7 days of post infection which subsequently reduced after passing the days of infection [7]. Although FMD does not cause high mortality in adult animals, the disease has debilitating effects, including weight loss, decrease in milk production, reproductive failures and loss of draught power resulting in reduced productivity.
Mortality, however, can be high in young animals up to 100%, wherein the virus causes myocardial degeneration, known as Tiger Heart disease [8]. It is estimated that 25% productivity of individual recovered animals are lost due to FMD [9]. It causes low

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was carried out to evaluate the possible variation of hematological and biochemical profile in naturally infected cattle with Foot and Mouth Disease during the disease outbreak in 2016. For this purpose, a total number of 20 cattle over 1 year of age were used in this experiment. Of these 15 cattle showed characteristics clinical signs of FMD that exposed from 1 to 14 th days of post infection (DPI) and the remaining 5 cattle were clinically healthy and used as controls. Blood samples were used to establish total RBC, Hb, PCV, MCH and total MCV. Serum's samples were also collected and used to establish the total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus and glucose. The mean values of red blood cells (RBCs), and hemoglobin (Hb) were decreased significantly (p≤0.01), on the other hand MCV value was increased significantly (p≤0.05) in FMD affected cattle in comparison to their healthy group. The serum biochemical constituents were representing a significant reduction in the average value of total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and significant production (p≤0.01) of phosphorus and glucose in cattle affected with FMD. Therefore, comparative study among the hematological and biochemical data concluded that, FMD causes significant decrease of RBC count, Hb, total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and significant increase of MCV and glucose and phosphorus. production for the affected countries; severe restrictions are placed on international trade of animal and animal products (meat, milk, hide and butter) due to its transboundary nature of transmission [10]. Studies conducted by Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) revealed that during an outbreak the morbidity, in cattle to be around 36%, in buffaloes 23%, in sheep and goat 5% and case fatality rate, especially in calves, has been found to be about 51% in outbreak area (www.blri.gov.bd). Annual losses due to the outbreak of FMD in Bangladesh have been estimated to be US$ 10.92 million per year [11].

Materials and Methods
This research was performed in the laboratory of the
The mean corpuscular volume (MCV,fl), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH, pg) were calculated as mentioned by Gökçe et al. [19].

C. Biochemical Study
Through the non-anticoagulant added samples, the concentration of different serum biochemical constituents such as the average value of total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus and glucose were examined by standard method.

D. Statistical Analysis
All the collected data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 20) software and revealed the results in necessary forms.
Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Duncan's test. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error (S.E). Differences between groups were considered significant at p<0.01 and p<0.05 level.

E. Hematological Study
The  [23] and Gattani et al. [24]. These results could be attributed to endocrinopathy is reported previously by Radostits et al. [20]. Results are Mean ± SE (Standard Error) in each group. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Duncan's test was performed as the test of significance. The difference was considered to be significant when **p<0.01, *p<0.05 compared to FMD control group.

NS = Not significant
Besides these, the total white blood cells (WBC) count, the mean value of packed cell volume (PCV), and the value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in FMD affected animals at primary, advanced, recovery stage groups did not show any significant alteration along with the control group and our findings also are corroborated with the observation made by Mohan et al. [18], Gokce et al. [19] and Al-Rukibat et al. [25].

F. Biochemical Study
The concentration of different biochemical indices (mean ± SE values) are presented in the Table 2. This study demonstrated that the average value of total serum protein were 6.20±0.65 g/dl, 4.32±0.17** g/dl, 5.95±0.57 g/dl and 7.07±0.72 g/dl and albumin concentration were 2.99±0.23 g/dl, 2.17±0.11** g/dl, 3.96±0.18 g/ dl and 4.65±0.18 g/dl in FMD at the primary, advanced, recovery stage groups and control group respectively Table 2. The total serum protein and albumin concentration were significantly (p<0.01) decreased at advanced stage rather than the other groups. Roussel et al. [26] reports that the decrease level of total protein concentration is associated with hepatic and renal damage, starvation, enteropathies that resulting in protein loss and the presence of infection or any lesion in the body is also recorded by Meyer et al. [27]. which was inconsonance with our observation. Low albumin and protein concentrations may also be due to alterations in pancreatic β-cell functions that might have developed during the clinical course of FMD is reported by Barboni et al. [28]. As well as, serum globulin concentration showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) at the advanced stage as compared to primary, recovery stage groups and control group. The serum globulin concentration at the primary, advanced, recovery stage groups and control group were 2.40±0.08 g/dl, 2.14±0.14* g/dl, 2.35±0.30 g/dl and 2.78±0.30 g/dl respectively Table 2, that might be due to hypoglobulinemia in the affected animals, coming in parallel with mention by Gokce et al. [19], Ghanem et al. [21], Mohapatra et al. [22], Krupakaran et al.
[23] and Gattani et al. [24]. with FMD is recorded by Elitok et al. [29] and also a common finding in cattle affected by the stress in systemic disease is described by Gokce et al. [19], Paalberg et al. [30] and Yeotikar et al. [31].

Conclusion
From this present study, it can be concluded that the concentration of different hematological constituents revealed a