An Innovative Appraisal of Psychopathology in Extant Criminological Psychiatry

incorrigibly held. According to him, delusions have three components: They are held with unusual conviction and are not amenable to logic; meanwhile the absurdity or erroneousness of their content is manifest to other people. While Norman Cameron’s pseudo-community, a supposed community of conspirators, was a historical description about conditions that favor the development of delusional disorders, modern technology and advancement of new communicative tools, like smart phone, hidden camera, satellite, internet, stealthy or scheming tricks and setups, like double-crossing and masquerading scenarios, stressful circumstances, furtive or hectic arrangements, creating a scene to deceive, hack, or tampering, have brought about an increasing possibility of conspiracy by prejudiced or inimical people, which may amplify the conceivable diagnostic faults by more curbing of examiner’s vigilance. On the other hand, it is the duty of forensic and clinical psychiatrist to discover any kind of deceptive entrapment or simulation. In the present article, such eccentricities, which may have come about in new time, have been discussed briefly, especially with respect to Paranoia and Paranoid ideation, and some solutions for better demarcation of the pertained problems and completion of psychopathological operational definitions have been suggested, incidentally, for defending the individuals’ civil rights.


Introduction
Modern technology and advancement of new communicative tools, like smart phone, hidden camera, satellite, internet, plus stealthy or scheming tricks and setups, like double-crossing and masquerading scenarios, stressful circumstances, furtive or hectic arrangements, creating a scene in order to deceive, hack, or tampering, by criminals or spies during undercover activities, which are visible, audible, or readable, too, in everyday big screen's movies, small screen's serials, radio set, periodicals, and novels, respectively, don't seem to spare psychopathology, which has been formulated descriptively, based on phenomenological dimensions [1], during preceding eras, without availability of any of the aforesaid innovations. Forensic psychiatry, too, which is based merely on the said dimensions, as like as its clinical matching part in typical mental health settings, could not be faultless, when no robust biological foundation has been developed, so far, for psychiatric diagnosis [2]. Thus, it is assumable that current scientific and industrial progressions may have amplified the said diagnostic faults by more curbing of clinician's vigilance, which has been framed by old conceptions. In the present article, such eccentricities, which may have come about in new time, about several psychiatric signs and symptoms, have been discussed briefly, especially with respect to Paranoia and Paranoid ideation (Table 1) and some solutions for better demarcation of the pertained problems and completion of psychopathological operational definitions have been suggested, incidentally, for defending the individuals' civil rights.

ARTICLE INFO SUMMARY
Jaspers regarded a delusion as a perverted view of reality that is incorrigibly held. According to him, delusions have three components: They are held with unusual conviction and are not amenable to logic; meanwhile the absurdity or erroneousness of their content is manifest to other people. While Norman Cameron's pseudo-community, a supposed community of conspirators, was a historical description about conditions that favor the development of delusional disorders, modern technology and advancement of new communicative tools, like smart phone, hidden camera, satellite, internet, stealthy or scheming tricks and setups, like double-crossing and masquerading scenarios, stressful circumstances, furtive or hectic arrangements, creating a scene to deceive, hack, or tampering, have brought about an increasing possibility of conspiracy by prejudiced or inimical people, which may amplify the conceivable diagnostic faults by more curbing of examiner's vigilance. On the other hand, it is the duty of forensic and clinical psychiatrist to discover any kind of deceptive entrapment or simulation. In the present article, such eccentricities, which may have come about in new time, have been discussed briefly, especially with respect to Paranoia and Paranoid ideation, and some solutions for better demarcation of the pertained problems and completion of psychopathological operational definitions have been suggested, incidentally, for defending the individuals' civil rights. Table 1: Some psychiatric signs and symptoms that may be simulated or stirred by stealthy or scheming tricks and setups, like double-crossing and masquerading scenarios, stressful circumstances, furtive arrangements, creating a scene to deceive, hack, or tampering.

Sign or symptom Definition
Delusion of persecution False belief of being harassed or persecuted; often found in litigious patients who have a pathological tendency to take legal action because of imagined mistreatment. Most common delusion Delusion of control False belief that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are being controlled by external forces Passivity of thought patients may experience that their thoughts are being controlled Passivity of emotion the affect that the patient experiences does not seem to him to be his own and he has been made to feel it Passivity of impulse the patient experiences a drive, which he feels is alien, to carry out some motor activity. The impulse may be experienced without the subject carrying out the behavior Passivity of volition the patient feels that it is not his will that carried out the action

Delusion of infidelity
False belief that one's lover is unfaithful. Sometimes called pathological jealousy

Delusion of reference
False belief that the behavior of others refers to oneself or that events, objects, or other people have a particular and unusual significance, usually of a negative nature; derived from idea of reference, in which persons falsely feel that others are talking about them (e.g., belief that people on television or radio are talking to or about the person) Idea of reference Misinterpretation of incidents and events in the outside world as having direct personal reference to oneself; occasionally observed in normal persons, but frequently seen in paranoid patient Erotomania Delusional belief, more common in women than in men, that someone is deeply in love with them (also known as de Clerambault syndrome) Voyeurism, also known as scopophilia, is the recurrent preoccupation with fantasies and acts that involve observing unsuspecting persons who are naked or engaged in grooming or sexual activity.

Telephone and computer scatologia
Telephone scatologia is characterized by obscene phone calling and involves an unsuspecting partner. Persons also use interactive computer networks, sometimes compulsively, to send obscene messages by electronic mail and to transmit sexually explicit messages and video images Pedophilia Pedophilia involves recurrent intense sexual urges toward, or arousal by, children 13 years of age or younger, over a period of at least 6 months Frotteurism Frotteurism is usually characterized by a man's rubbing his penis against the buttocks or other body parts of a fully clothed woman to achieve orgasm. At other times, he may use his hands to rub an unsuspecting victim. The acts usually occur in crowded places, particularly in subways and buses

Substance abuse
The repeated use of a drug or chemical substance, with or without physical dependence

Background
Etiologically, practitioners have a strong clinical impression that many patients with delusional disorder are generally isolated and have reached less than anticipated levels of success [3]. Specific psychodynamic schemes about the source and development of delusional symptoms involve hypotheses about hypersensitive persons and specific ego mechanisms [4]. Freud, se well, believed that delusions, rather than being symptoms of the illness, are part of a restorative process [5]. Clinical observations show that many, if not all, paranoid patients experience a lack of trust in interactions.
A theory connects this cynicism to a constantly unfriendly family environment. Erik Erikson's concept of trust versus mistrust in early development is a valuable model to describe the dubiousness of a paranoid person who never went through the healthy experience of having his or her needs fulfilled by what Erikson termed the "outer-providers" [6]. Thus, they have a general distrust of their environment [7]. Patients with delusional disorder use principally the defense mechanisms of projection, denial, and reaction formation. They use reaction formation as a defense against aggression, dependence needs, and feelings of affection, and transform the need for dependence into firm independence [8].
Patients use denial to avoid awareness of painful reality.
Consumed with anger and hostility and unable to face responsibility for the rage, they project their resentment and anger onto others and use projection to protect themselves from recognizing unacceptable impulses in themselves [9]. On the other hand, delusions have been related to a range of additional factors such as social and sensory seclusion, socioeconomic deprivation, and character disruption [10]. Deaf and visually impaired persons and maybe refugees with restricted aptitude in a new language may be more exposed to delusion formation than the normal populace [11]. On the other hand, Norman Cameron designated seven conditions that favor the development of delusional disorders: an increased anticipation of receiving sadistic conduct, circumstances that increase mistrust and doubt, social seclusion, conditions that increase jealousy and envy, circumstances that lower self-confidence, conditions that cause people to see their own weaknesses in others, and conditions that increase the potential for reflection over probable motivations and meanings. When frustration from any amalgamation of these circumstances surpasses the bearable edge, people become anxious and withdrawn; they grasp that something is wrong, search for a clarification for the problem, and develop a delusional system as a resolution. Expansion of the delusion to include imagined people and attribution of nasty drives to both real and imagined people results in the construction of the pseudo-community-a supposed community of conspirators. This delusional object theoretically binds together projected desires and worries to rationalize the patient's hostility and to offer a real entity for the patient's antagonisms [3].
Psychodynamic models, as well, postulate that persecutory delusions are a defensive psychological reaction to conflicts or stresses that represent an intense hazard to the self [12]. In reacting to the said danger, there is an emotional withdrawal from close connections and an extreme struggle to keep the form of normality by defensive mechanisms such as projection [13]. As a last point, the paranoid defense cannot relieve worry and intensifies to a discrete maladaptive state, which is assumed to end into a delusional disorder [14]. An additional scheme of the etiology of delusional disorder is based on study by cognitive psychologists and proposes that individuals with persecutory delusions selectively turn their attention to intimidating data, jump to inferences by inadequate evidence, attribute bad happenings to peripheral personal sources, and have trouble in imagining others' purpose and drives [15].
Favored recollection of bullying incidents has, likewise, been hypothesized as a mechanism for strengthening the delusional conviction [16]. Anyhow, the exact etiology of delusional disorder is not recognized and its rare happening restricts the ability to study genetic or other risk factors [16]. Nevertheless, small family studies have failed to detect strong genetic associations between schizophrenia and delusional disorder [17]. Among the said furtive ploys, allegation of fake psychiatric disorders, like insanity, drug abuse, or perversion, for social defacement and elimination of rival, is a known forensic issue, especially when public opinion does not demand proof for its subjective preoccupations and can be pleased by gossips, too. In another article we reviewed the frame-up psychosis, as a common allegation in law courts, and its diagnostic and clinical issues, which must be noticed carefully by psychiatrists [2]. By taking into consideration of a variety of psychiatric signs and symptoms that maybe simulated or attributed by combating challengers (Table 1) (ICD) [20], which were established descriptively and based on the phenomenological principles and psychopathology [21]; without considering any clandestine condition or appendix. For example, delusion has been identified as 'False belief', based on 'incorrect inference about external reality', that is firmly held despite objective and obvious 'contradictory proof or evidence' and even though 'other members of the culture do not share the belief' [1,3].

Case Vignette
In this regard, Jaspers regarded a delusion as a perverted view of reality, incorrigibly held. So, delusions have three components: They are held with unusual conviction and are not amenable to logic; meanwhile the absurdity or erroneousness of their content is manifest to other people. Hamilton, also, defined delusion as: false unshakable belief which arises from internal morbid processes. It is easily recognizable when it is out of keeping with the person's educational and cultural background [1]. Now, while at this juncture, 'incorrect inference about external reality' can be equal to lacking convincing proof for the examiner, respecting some suspicious misconceptions, like paranoid delusion or ideation (Table 2), how an individual can show undoubted evidence, while his or her atmosphere has been scheduled by undisclosed operations, which, typically, have been scheduled for elimination of overt hints. Now, based on the said premises, other related items like judgment and insight, as well, may be considered impaired, which, generally, indicates psychosis (Table 3).

Insight
Conscious recognition of one's own condition. In psychiatry, it refers to the conscious awareness and understanding of one's own psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a person.

Judgment
Mental act of comparing or evaluating choices within the framework of a given set of values for the purpose of electing a course of action. If the course of action chosen is consonant with reality or with mature adult standards of behavior, then judgment is said to be intact or normal; judgment is said to be impaired if the chosen course of action is frankly maladaptive, results from impulsive decisions based on the need for immediate gratification, or is otherwise not consistent with reality as measured by mature adult standards.

Reality testing
Fundamental ego function that consists of tentative actions that test and objectively evaluate the nature and limits of the environment; includes the ability to differentiate between the external world and the internal world and to accurately judge the relation between the self and the environment. which may be indirectly related to our discussion, it seems that installation of a new code with regard to fake psychiatric disorders, which have been induced as a result of hostile purposes, for drawing psychiatrist's attention to such possibility, particularly in forensic settings [22], will not be worthless.