Long-Term Clinical and Radiographic Outcome of Extraction Socket Grafting with a Supercritical CO 2 Viral-Inactivated Allogeneic Bone Graft

results show that allogeneic bone has osteoconductive properties like autogenic bone [3]. The supercritical CO2 (Supercrit ) process viral-inactivated allogenic bone grafts (BIOBank, 3, – France) are derived exclusively from human femoral heads collected from living donors who have ABSTRACT This study documents the long-term performance of the Supercrit® viral-inactivated bone allografts in extraction sockets grafting with immediate implant placement. Data were collected from files of 50 patients (29 females, 21 males, mean age of 55.5 years) undergoing immediate implant placement into fresh extraction socket with the supercritical CO2 viral-inactivated allogenic bone grafts (Supercrit® process, BIOBank, Lieusaint, France). 65 implants were placed mainly in the posterior maxilla. At a mean 9.7 years (range: 9 to 10 years), 62 implants were well osseointegrated and functioning. 3 implants failed due to non-osteointegration and were removed 6, 8, and 9-months post-surgery, respectively. The overall implant 10-year survival rate was 95.4% (CI: 90.3 to 100%). The mean marginal

undergone hip replacement surgery in accordance with European regulations. The femoral heads are cleaned and viral-inactivated using supercritical CO2 extraction. A terminal gamma irradiation step at 25 kGy renders the packaged bone grafts completely sterile.
The supercritical CO2 process has no effect on the mineral and collagen composition of the bone matrix, preserving trabecular bone tissue integrity and mechanical strength comparable to fresh bone.
As a result, the supercritical CO2 process has osteoconductive properties. Following the extraction of one or more teeth, oral implants inserted into alveolar cavities filled with various graft materials demonstrated a high survival rate greater than 94 percent at a minimum 5-year follow-up [4][5][6][7]. There has been little research on the long-term clinical efficacy of bone graft in post-extraction filling and the preservation of bone volume in the alveolar ridge [4][5][6][7][8][9]. The goal of this study is to document the long-term efficacy and safety of using BIOBank supercritical CO2 viral-inactivated allogenic bone graft in extraction socket filling and alveolar ridge augmentation. The results of osteointegration, implant survival, and radiographic changes in the graft area were compared to previous studies on other graft materials.

Surgical Technique
All the surgical procedures were performed by the same surgeon. Patients then received the following prophylactic medication: antibiotic therapy consisting of 2g of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for two to three days before surgery and six days post-surgery; anti-inflammatory coverage with Cortisone for three days, paracetamol codeine analgesic and local care with mouthwashes using Chlorhexidine gluconate Solution and Parodium healing gel.
All patients were assessed preoperatively to determine both their dental and general health status, and the following assessments were performed at the post grafting visits:

Outcome Measures
Implant survival defined as:

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The implant is present, functional, and stable.
-No radiolucencies areas around the implant.
-No persistent and/or irreversible subjective and objective clinical signs (suppuration or pain).
Any complications such as chronic pain, infection.

Radiographic Analysis
Radiographic analysis was performed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and/or panoramic radiographs taken before and after grafting and at long-term follow up ( Figure   2). Software programs were used to calculate bone height in

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out in IBM SPSS Statistics 26 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA). All included cases were reviewed, and the summary statistics were analyzed as means (standard deviations) for continuous variables and percentages for categorial variables.
Cumulative survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meir method.

Results
Fifty patients, 29 females and 21 males, with a mean age of 55.5 years (ranged 28 to 75 years) were included in the same centre and underwent tooth extraction. The reason for extraction was mainly due to peri apical dental cyst (62%), dental decay (26%) and furcation defect (12%). All the patients received the supercritical Demographic details are provided in Table 1. In total, 65 implants were inserted simultaneously to the grafting procedure. Implants were placed mainly in the posterior maxilla and were most frequently 13 mm in length and 4.2 mm in diameter ( Table 2).

Discussion
Tooth extraction frequently results in the loss of alveolar bone height and width. A socket filling with bone graft is recommended after a dental extraction to compensate for the lack of volume and optimize functional results [10][11][12][13]. Various bone graft materials with osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive properties are used to preserve the alveolar ridge after extraction and to speed up the healing process. Autogenous bone grafts are still thought to be an ideal regenerative material. However, their availability is limited, and the morbidity associated with the second surgical site is significant [14]. Among the alternatives to autografts, allogenic bone use has demonstrated that bone allografts are a suitable alternative in terms of implant osteointegration, bone neoformation, and bone quality. The bone allografts used in this study were derived entirely from living donors' femoral heads, which were collected after hip replacement surgery and processed using supercritical CO2 extraction technology. The supercritical CO2 process, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries for the splitting, extraction, and decontamination of organic materials, is a combination of a supercritical CO2 degreasing step and a gentle chemical oxidation of the bone network's residual proteins.
Preclinical studies have shown that this process used on bone has neutral effects on the bone tissue composition; preserves its architecture and mechanical properties, particularly its high wettability, and thus improves performance [15][16][17].
The current study sought to document the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of implants placed immediately in sockets preserved with supercritical CO2 viral-inactivated bone allograft.
Although immediate implant placement in fresh sockets with bone filling is a difficult technique [18], it has several advantages: Reducing soft tissue handling to improve aesthetic results, limiting hard tissue resorption, providing adequate bone volume, optimizing healing through vascular intake, reducing the number of interventions, and shortening treatment time. Dehiscence of the wound, intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants are all risks and complications. There were no perioperative complications reported in this study. One case of peri-implantitis with pain occurred ten years after surgery, with no effect on implant stability. At a 10-year follow-up, the average marginal bone level was 0.2 mm. Over a 10year period, the mean implant survival rate with the supercritical CO2 viral-inactivated bone allograft was 95.4 percent, which was comparable to the mean 10-year survival rates of 94 percent to 100 percent reported in the scientific literature for autogenous bone graft, a mixture of autogenous bone graft and bone substitutes, or bone substitutes alone (Table 3) [4,9,19,20].

Conclusion
The clinical and radiographic results of the current study using the supercritical CO2 viral-inactivated bone allograft confirm the material's long-term osseointegration, which is consistent with other graft materials reported in the literature.