Serological Study of Hepatitus B Virus (HBV), Hepatitus C Virus (HCV) in Blood Collection Centers

The present study was carried out in District Swat, from July to December, 2020, to find out prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HBV) in Human blood donors. For this purpose, a total 1292 data were collected from blood doners units in Swat i.e Al-Fajar Foundation, Frontier Foundation, Saidu Group of Hospital and casualty lab of Central Hospital, which were recommended for diagnosis of Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Blood grouping in Human blood donors by using different diagnostic test ie. Blood tests, Liver ultrasound, Liver biopsy, Hepatitis B panel of blood tests for diagnosis of HBV. HCV antibody test, Serologic Antibody Assays, Enzyme immunoassays (EIA), Ora Quick Rapid Antibody test, Molecular HCV RNA Tests were used for diagnosis of HCV. ABO typing for determination of blood grouping. In 1292 blood samples which were examined, in which 3.40% blood samples test were positive with frequency 2.08% test were positive for Hepatitis C virus and 1.31% for Hepatitis B virus. This study concluded less prevalence of HBV and HCV in blood donors but more extensive seroprevalance and frequency studies of the general population are needed to determine the true prevalence of these diseased markers. For determination of blood grouping, 65 blood samples from blood donors were collected from Al- Fajar foundation and Frontier Foundation, in which 21.53% were O+, 32.30% were A+, 32. 30% were B+, 3.0% were B-, 1.5% were AB- and 9.2% were AB+ blood groups and O- and A- blood groups were not determined. Serological Study of Hepatitus B Virus (HBV), Hepatitus C Virus (HCV) in Blood Collection Centers. Biomed 35(2)-2021. Abbreviations: In current study, out of 65 blood samples from blood which were collected from Al- Fajar and Frontier Foundation, 14 (21.53%) were O+, 21 (32.30%) were A+, 21 (32. 30%) were B+, 2 (3.0%) were B-, 1 (1.5%) were AB- and 6 (9.2%) were AB+ blood groups and O- and A- blood groups were not determined. A similar study was conducted to determine the distribution pattern of the ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. But this study results do not match with our study results. This study were carried out at blood bank of Hospital of Government Medical College, In this study total 12701 blood donor’s samples were taken and ABO and Rh typing was conducted using slide agglutination method with antisera ABO and Rh. The results of this study shows that most common blood group was B (32.07%) and least common being AB (10.53%) and Blood group ‘O’ and ‘A’ had same frequency. In our study most common blood group is A+, B+ and O- and B- were not determined. Another study was conducted to find out the frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups in blood study Lahore, Pakistan. In this study Total 3000 samples were taken and out of the total 3000 samples the most frequent ABO blood group was B which was (37.8 %), O blood group was A blood group was and AB blood group was in blood donor. In Rhesus system 93.0% Rh


Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important human pathogen that
cause chronic infections throughout the world and it is spread by mucosal and percutaneous exposure to infected blood and also through other body fluid [1]. Hepatitis B virus caused deadly liver infection called Hepatitis B. In all five types of Hepatitis, Hepatitis B is most dangerous because it is clinically asymptomatic [2].
Hepatitis B virus belongs to a family known as Hepa dna viridae.
HBV is a small virus and is enveloped virus with double stranded DNA genome and its size is 3.2 kilo base pair [3]. HBV infects hepatocytes and can results in many liver complication e.g. liver In low economic status people in Pakistan, the prevalence of HBV is high. As 67.5% people of Pakistan belong to rural areas and have low economic status, so in this way it is very necessary to control HBV [11]. The prevalence of HBV in general population in Pakistan is about 3-5% and 10-20% in population at high risk [10]. In Baluchistan, the prevalence rate of HBV is 9.3%, followed by 2.4 %( Punjab), 2.3 % (Sindh) and 1.31 %( KP). And the lowest rate of HBV 1.1% is reported in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [12]. HCV is a virus which causes hepatitis C which is a chronic disease and it infects liver of a person. HCV was discovered in 1989 [13], and the number of acute HCV cases has fallen by more than 80% [14]. HCV is RNA virus and it is positive single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses which belong to family Flaviviridae and Genus Hepacivirus. HCV shape is icosahedral and its diameter is 56-65 and approximately 9.6kb long genome size [15]. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is body fluid-borne hepatotropic viruses and it results in long-lasting liver diseases, cirrhosis and death [16]. Test used for detection of HCV are Serologic antibody assays [13], Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) [17], Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CIA) [18], Ora Quick Rapid Antibody Test [19]. In the past two decades, a decline in the prevalence of HCV infection occur in the United States, [20], Western and Northern Europe [21] and Australia [22]. But this disease is continuously on rise in lesser developed and developing countries. In developing countries there is lack of awareness, inadequate blood screening facilities, nosocomial transmission and a lack of effective treatments so these problems rise HCV infection [23].
The prevalence of HCV varies i.e. in Western Europe, the Americas and Australia about 2% of total population is infected with HCV [23]. According to some reports, in Pakistan about 6% of total population is infected with hepatitis C virus [24]. In Punjab the prevalence rate of HCV is 6.7%, in Sindh HCV prevalence is 5%, in Baluchistan prevalence rate of HCV is 1.5% and the lowest rate is reported in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which is 1.1% [25]. For high prevalence of HBV and HCV, different risk factors are responsible such as Intravenous Drug Use (IDU), blood transfusion which is not screened, sex with infected person, tattooing and use of infected syringes [26]. The term blood group refers to entire blood group system. Blood group system consist of red blood cells antigens and its specificity is controlled by series of genes and Blood type refers to a specific pattern of reaction to testing antisera within a given system. In 1900, Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO blood group system [27]. In 1941, Rh blood group system were explained by Landsteiner and Wiener [28]. The blood groups can be determined by the presence or absence of the inherited antigen present on the red blood cell which is determined by specific antibodies [29]. On the basis of presence and absence of A and B surface antigens, there are 4 types of ABO blood group i.e. A, B, O and AB and the frequencies of the four ABO blood groups vary from each other all over the world [30]. At present there are about 400 antigens discovered which is associated with erythrocytes [31] and as Mendelian traits, these are transmitted to next generation [32]. Among which the ABO and Rh are the major blood group antigens [33]. The ABO blood group system and Rh blood group system have proved important not only in transfusion-related problems but also specific disease association with RBC surface antigens (Owen, 2000) [27].

Study Area
The present study was carried out at district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It lies between 34°-40′ to 35° N latitude and 72′ to 74°-6′ E longitude and is located between the foothills of Hindu Kush mountain range, to its north Gilgit and Chitral is located, to the south Mardan is located, to the west Dir is located, while from

Sample Size
A total of 1292 samples were collected in which, 24 were examined by Al-Fajar foundation, 41 were examined by Frontier Foundation, 1057 were examined by Saidu group of teaching hospital and 170 were examined by Central hospital casualty lab.   (Figures 2 & 3).  0%) were B-, 1 (1.5%) were AB-and 6 (9.2%) were AB+ blood groups and O-and A-blood groups were not determined (Table 2).        were Rh +ve and 7.0% were. Rh-ve. Such types of studies help in management of blood banks and transfusion services [37,38].

Conclusion
In the current study, a total of 1292 blood samples were Hepatitis C virus and 17 for Hepatitis B virus. This study concluded less prevalence of HBV and HCV in blood donors but more extensive seroprevalance and frequency studies of the general population are needed to determine the true prevalence of these diseased markers.
In our study out of 65 blood samples from blood donors which were collected from Al-Fajar foundation and Frontier Foundation, 14 (21.53%) were O+, 21 (32.30%) were A+, 21 (32. 30%) were B+, 2 (3.0%) were B-, 1 (1.5%) were AB-and 6 (9.2%) were AB+ blood groups and O-and A-blood groups were not determined. From this study it were concluded that most common blood group in Swat valley is A+ and B+.