Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides and its Hosts: A Scientometric Analysis

Objective : To carry out a scientometric analysis of published articles that report the occurrence of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from 11 different fruits. Place and Duration of Study : The study was caried out at Department of Agronomy, State University of Goias, Ipameri University, Brazil and Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan from December 2019 to February 2020. Materias and Methods : For the development of this study, specialized searches were made on the “Web of Science” database using keywords e.g the scientific names of the plant species affected by the pathogen : per / articles. Conclusion : This study concluded that the largest number of articles has been published in the world literature that relate the occurrence of C. gloesporioides on M. indica and C. papaya . Further studies on anthracnose in some plant species are needed, due to the low rate of publications and citations. Gloeosporioides and its Hosts: A Scientometric Analysis. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 33(5)-2021. BJSTR. MS.ID.005479.


Introduction
Anthracnose is a fungal disease, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most destructive diseases in the pre and post-harvest phases that occur with greater incidence in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world, generating great economic losses for farmers [1,2]. C. gloeosporioides is capable of infecting at least 1,000 hosts, including the main commercial fruit species such as papaya, mango, guava and avocado [3]. However, the effects of the environment can intervene in the development of pathogens, thus, knowledge of environmental variations can contribute to disease management strategies [4,5]. The development of C. gloeosporioides occurs due to high temperature and relative humidity, where the conidia are released and disseminated at that moment when the clots are moist. The germination take place in the presence of water. After germination, give rise to appressorium where penetration occurs in the host's tissue [6]. The pathogen can attack different parts of the plant, such as branches, leaves, inflorescences, pseudofruit and nuts [7]. For the control of the disease, it is common to apply pesticides, mainly fungicides, but with the increase in damage to the environment, health and resistance of phytopathogens, new alternatives have progressed, such as the use of natural products that have been studied with the purpose of reducing the damage caused by this fungus [8].
Fruit growing is one of the most important segments in Brazilian agriculture, being the third largest fruit producer, occupying an area of 2,300 million hectares and a production of 38.8 million tons in the 2016 harvest [9,10]. This is due to better management of rural properties, modernization and other factors aimed at safety, quality of fruits and preservation of the environment, thus meeting the requirements of the Brazilian market and importing countries [11]. Even with investment by the fruit grower, the incidence of diseases in the orchards is still recurrent. High humidity and high temperature are the main factors that contribute to the development of the pathogen influencing the productivity of different cultures [12]. Among the crops that can be damaged by the fungus C.
gloeosporioides is the mango tree, because of it, had a great impact on its production, these damages being directly related to the decrease in the post-harvest life of the fruit [13]. In papaya, the fungus causes peduncular rot, causing losses during commercialization [8].
Another crop avocado, that can also be damaged by the pathogen, where its ripening in high susceptibility generates the invasion of the fungus, due to the reduction of phenolic components and due to the softening of the fruits [14]. Other characteristic symptoms of the disease are the spots, among them the glomerella leaf spot in the apple tree culture, which is initially characterized by color spots that can vary from red to purple and days after infection it becomes an irregularly shaped necrotic spot [15].
In guava, the symptoms are known for rounded and dark colored lesions that become depressive with the growth of size [16]. In cashew, the pathogen is considered one of the most severe diseases in Brazil and is characterized by numerous injuries that can occur on fruits, flowers, leaves, branches and peduncles [17]. However, there are still several cultures to be studies more in-depth studies, including pomegranate, persimmon, fig and cupuaçu tree, with little information and publications that relate these cultures in relation to the pathogen on their epidemiological and symptomatological form [18][19][20]. Through scientometrics it is possible to carry out metric studies of information, which was started in the 1960s under the influence of the Sociology of Science [21]. Its main purpose is to analyze scientific productions with validated information through statistical analysis and numerical indicators [22]. Therefore, this tool is important to evaluate scientific productions in a specific niche of knowledge [23]. Among the various scientific institutions, the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) which was developed during 1958-1960 with the purpose of making recent and quality information available to its readers [24]. The Web of Science has better and more detailed graphics, when compared to other platforms such as Scopus [25]. Therefore, it is considered the most rigorous and important index that covers all areas of knowledge [26]. In this sense, the objective of the work was to carry out a scientometric analysis of published articles that report the occurrence of the fungus C. gloeosporioides from 11 different fruits.
For the development of this study, specialized searches were made on the "Web of Science" database by using the scientific names as a keyword for `` the cultures affected by the pathogen.

Methods
To conduct this study, specialized searches were carried out individually in the "Web of Science" database, using the following

Conclusion
The highest number of published work regarding the citation/ article stood out for C. papaya related to anthracnose, while the highest average ratio of citations / scientific article was found for F. carica. Total ten journals were responsible for 37% of the scientific articles published on the fruit hosts of C. gloeosporioides.