Evaluating the Goals and Visions of First Year Pharmacy Students Five Years After Graduation

Introduction: Pharmacy is a dynamic field in healthcare that allows safe medication management and usage among patients, while simultaneously providing health providers with expertise on the proper prescribing of medication. This unique field has greatly shifted its need from retail-based pharmacy to industrial and clinical pharmacy. Current research on the aspiring goals of pharmacy students is outdated and does not reflect the most current opinions of pharmacy students, in this ever-changing field, which is why this research is essential. Additionally, this research fills in the gaps that exist in current literature, which has failed to isolate the viewpoints of first-year pharmacy students only. Assessing first-year students only, compared to those of all pharmacy students allows researchers to track their beliefs from the start of school, and then reassess these beliefs at the conclusion of the students’ four-year academic career. The purpose of this research is to collect data from first-year pharmacy students on what their plans are five years’ post-graduation, as well as their areas of interest in pharmacy.


Introduction
A vision is defined as a clear image of how you see your future, whereas goals are specific targets that move you closer to achieving your vision [1]. Setting goals is linked to higher selfconfidence, motivation, and autonomy [1]. A 2015 study conducted by a psychologist found that those who physically wrote down their goals, were 33% more likely to achieve their goals, than those who only formulated goals in their head. Defining one's goals and visions is vital in establishing the correct steps to take in order to achieve the desired outcome. Gauging where students' desires and goals lie early on can help researchers to better understand how mindsets can influence future outcomes. Moreover, gaining insight on what measures some students are taking can also influence where they will be five years post-graduation, in the healthcare field. A study in 2009 asked 188 pharmacy students ranging from first years to fourth years, about their career plans immediately after graduation. 50.9% of participants listed community retail as their desired employment, while 18% and 8% stated clinical and hospital pharmacy, respectively [2]. This same group was also asked where they saw themselves in 5 years, with 31%, 24%, and 6% stating community retail, clinical and hospital pharmacy as their desired occupations, respectively [2]. In all, the majority of the class chose community retail as both their immediate and longterm career vision.
The benefits of the first-year pharmacy students' goals and visions have been documented but there are few studies related to observing the goals students have, and the measures they are taking to get to where they want to be career wise. The current literature is outdated and was conducted at a time when retail pharmacy was in high demand. Additional research must be done, due to the shifting roles of pharmacists today. Furthermore, current research evaluates the long-term goals of pharmacy school students of all stages in their academic years, not specifically first years, as this research does. This study will explore the most current visions and goals of first year pharmacy students, five years after graduation. The goal of the study is to determine how confident and knowledgeable students are in their career plans, as well as identify their interests five years post-graduation.  This study was done as part of the Drug Informatics course for

Methods
first year pharmacy students. The survey was sent to 43 students and all 43 students responded which is a 100% response rate. The data distributed was rated on a five-point scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree). Further analysis was conducted using SPSS software.

Results
A total of 44 students requested to complete a survey in this study with one hundred percent response rate. Several demographics data that includes age, gender, work experience, etc. collected and as summarized in (Table 1) and (Graph 1) below.
Among the survey participants, more than three-quarter of the participants (77.3%) were female and they were under 35 years of age, with majority (59%) between 18-34 years of age. Over half of the participants came from states other than the DMV area (District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia) to join our pharmacy program. However, 27.3% of the students are residents of Maryland, and one-fifth (20.5 %) reside in Virginia. Participants were also asked if they have had a job prior to admission, annual income, and the job title they held prior to joining the pharmacy program. An overwhelming number of students (95.5%) said they had worked before joining the program. In regard to types of occupations, the majority of them (62.8%) had a pharmacy-related job. One-third of respondents stated they had a non-pharmacy related job; with only seven (16.3%) participants stating they previously worked in a non-healthcare related field (Graph 2). When asked about their annual income, over ten percent (11.3%) made over $50,000 annually while others (16.3%) were making less than $20,000. The remaining participants (22.6%) made an average of $20,000 to $50,000. Additionally, more than half of students worked for more than four years before joining the pharmacy program (Table 2).    (Table 4).

Discussion
The goal of this study was to determine the goal and vision of pharmacy students what they will be doing five years after graduation. The study was done during the participants first professional in a pharmacy school. What is interesting is that over projected to grow at 6.5% per year to reach $1.06 trillion by the year 2022 [3]. The projected growth of industry pharmaceuticals could account for the strong desire for aspiring pharmacists to pursue a career in this branch of pharmacy.
Contradictory to this, is the fact that Drug Channels Institute predicts that chain, independent, and long term care outpatient dispensing pharmacies, will be decreasing by 11.2% by the year 2028 [4]. One may conclude the projected decline in retail pharmacy could be responsible for the fact that 60% of participants in the study, state they do not have plans of working in retail post-graduation. Continuing, 69% of participants believe they will own their own company five years post-graduation, whereas most students (70%) would like to pursue research as a career path. Forty percent of the class made less than 10 thousand dollars annually, prior to admission. Most participants come from undergrad programs and aren't able to work the number of hours to make more than $10,000 annually. These findings are consistent with the fact that students completing a bachelor's degree prior to pharmacy school in the following semester have a harder time making income. Moving along, 36% of the class have no plan of action five years post-graduation. Students should work to develop set goals, as it is a positive quality which was proven by an earlier study. As mentioned previously, a psychologist who conducted a study found those who had written goals were 33% more likely to achieve them, when compared to their counterparts [1].

Summary
In conclusion, it is clear the majority of first-year students have set visions and goals, in terms of future employment five years postgraduation. Many plan to either pursue industry-related affairs or plan to acquire their own business. This research was necessary to update the current literature which assesses the future goals and areas of interest of first-year pharmacy students. Being that the focus of pharmacy has shifted, and some aspects are going to be dying out in the upcoming years, it is vital to stay up to date and aware of the trends. Additionally, this data can be used in the future to evaluate the impact of goal setting on success outcomes.