Regularities of Evolution from Biopolymers to Social Systems

This review is devoted to the author’s series of works
performed in 2003-2020 within the framework of the Program...


Introduction
This review is devoted to the author's series of works a. In any natural system where there is a suitable building material, forces of attraction-repulsion can arise between dissimilar objects. Based on these forces, a potential well arises, in which oscillatory processes occur. If a pair of such objects dissipates the initial vibration energy to a minimum, then a new stable natural object appears in the depths of the potential well. This object retains in its internal structure the characteristic properties of the original objects, but at the same time displays new properties that allow it to effectively act both will certainly be destroyed by the general chaotic movement in the system. But from the decay products of a complex object, new similar objects can be formed without requiring an inexhaustible pool of initial building materials. Thus, chaotic movement brings death to complex natural objects. At the same time, such death is a necessary condition for the emergence and maintenance of life of the products of evolution [3].
c. For a randomly formed evolutionarily valuable natural object to be repeated in history, despite the destructive impact of world chaos, it is necessary to simultaneously emerge and preserve a separate auxiliary structure in the environment.
Such a structure is obliged to capture and store the structural plan and history of the origin of this object. This important evolutionary mechanism has been called genetic memory [4]. The genetic code known from biochemistry is a private document of the genetic memory for all living things.
The following are observations illustrating the universal laws of evolutionary processes in systems of various levels of complexity. These observations are described in detail in the author's book [5].

Prebiological World of Evolutionarily Promising Polymers
Computer experiments were carried out on a model system where molecules of amino acids, nitrogenous bases, and ATP are immersed in a neutral medium [6]. Chaotic thermal motion occurs in the environment. The kinetic energies of particles are distributed approximately according to Boltzmann. This allows particles to collide accidentally. The forces of attraction-repulsion arising between them allow the particles to combine into more complex structures, dissipating the energy of chemical bonds outside.
More energetic collisions destroy complex structures, returning the original building material to the system. It is considered that amino acids are independently combined into polypeptides, and polynucleotides are formed under the influence of polypeptides.
A structural correspondence is imposed on the system: four amino acid residues are connected by intermolecular forces with the corresponding four nitrogenous bases. This constitutes a primitive hypothetical genetic code, simple and non-degenerate.
The historical fate of emerging and disintegrating polymer chains is traced. This considers not only the strength of chemical bonds between amino acid residues in polypeptides, but also additional non-chemical bonds between the radicals of adjacent residues [7].
Under these conditions, the system accumulates and retains a pool of complex structures that resemble modern protein structures in their complexity. The degree of complexity of the evolutionarily developing world was assessed by the richness of oscillatory degrees of freedom in the system [8].
It is noted that in such a primitive system, structures of polynucleotides are the carrier and translator of genetic memory.
As is known from modern data of biochemistry and forensic science, the structures of RNA and DNA are destroyed by heat movement much more slowly than the structures of proteins. This gives polynucleotides the ability to store the memory of the events of the random emergence of structures such as proteins that are successful for the future. Such structures in future worlds will play the most important role of enzymes, under the control of which biochemical processes in already living matter will go. This model world considers that new polynucleotides arise from molecules of nitrogenous bases and from fragments of destroyed nucleotides.
This process is catalytically driven by long chains of polypeptides.
Consequently, polypeptides also store elements of genetic memory in their structures. The model chemical system took care of storing its genetic memory not in one store, but in two. It is more reliable this way. This is how genetic memory is arranged in more complex worlds that have evolved evolutionarily. More on this is done below.

Evolution of the Chemical World
If the primitive model described above were adequate to the state of the early Ocean, then the chances of the emergence of living matter on our Planet would be exactly zero. Scattered amino acids or scraps of a degraded polypeptide must accidentally find a suitable polynucleotide store of memory of a successful polypeptide structure to reproduce that structure again. But a suitable strand of polynucleotide can float freely across the planet. And the act of reproducing the achievements of evolution will not take place.
No, that does not work. At the final conference of the "Evolution of the Biosphere" Program, a hypothesis was proposed, in which the entire set of evolutionary rules outlined above is seen. The hypothesis looks like this.
A chance encounter of future biopolymers with products of destruction of geological structures was to take place. These products turned out to be weathering micropores in coastal rocks. The ocean tide flooded these micro pores with a solution of a.
There is a chance meeting of two completely dissimilar natural objects. This is a portion of ocean water, where the evolutionary process of chemical creation is constantly taking place, and the product of the destruction of the structure of the mineral. The physical forces of attraction arise. Surface tension forces form a single drop of water, allowing that drop to randomly create with all its chemical objects, including lipids.
Then the ocean tears off this drop from the cozy micro pore. c.
Comparing this picture with the process of increasing complexity in the primitive chemical world, we are convinced of the validity of the guess made in work [2]. The unconscious goal of evolution is further evolution, which involves the successful products of the previous stages of evolution. It seems that this is not a tautology, but a statement of an important fact: evolution is the most economical development process. Unlike the processes of degradation and revolution, it does not destroy anything to the ground, but uses the accumulation of complex structures and the products of their partial decay to create new, even more complex and effective structures. A very reliable storage system for genetic memory. We bow before the wisdom of Nature.

Technogenic Sphere
The evolution of the biosphere has led to the emergence of a new natural object -the Homo sapiens population. This is a very serious evolutionary stage in the development of the Earth. Now, not only Nature unconsciously accidentally creates and not accidentally preserves objects valuable for further evolution. Now a person is more likely to consciously participate in this process, becoming precisely rational. Thus, he overcomes some of the inconveniences of his existence on the planet he accidentally got.
Primitive man learned to get edible roots with a stick. He learned how to get meat from small animals using a sharpened stone. He The book [5]  It is important to note the manifestation of evolutionary patterns in these processes. Historical illustrations of these statements can be found in the book "Country: Ideology: Evolution" [5].

Conclusion
Consideration of the patterns common to evolution in systems of any complexity level allows us to look with some optimism at the prospects for the future development of Mankind. Humanity constitutes a single system as part of the Earth's biosphere.
Ecosystems develop and exist spontaneously in the conditions set by Nature. However, Humanity, being partially intelligent, is capable of directionally changing the internal conditions of its existence. This can lead both to the destruction of Humanity and to stagnation. But if Humanity realizes the possibilities and patterns of the evolutionary paths of its internal development, then a more prosperous and successful existence awaits it. The author of the review expressed this hope in the book [5] and gave detailed arguments in support of his correctness.