An Updated Review on Covid-19 with Special Reference to Structural Elucidation and Functional Properties

COVID-19, the RNA virus is considered to be the most dangerous microbe in the history of the mankind. Both the developed and developing countries are struggling for about three fourth of this whole year-2020, to prevent this disease but in vain. The fatality ratio and widespread of the diseases caused by COVID-19 are dangerous to global human population. Coronaviruses are exhibiting the crown-like spikes on their body surface. A coronaviral genome encodes four major structural proteins: spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein. All these proteins are necessary to grow a complete viral particle. Each protein has its own structural and functional role with reference to viral growth and infection. After entering human body, the viral particles can interact immediately with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to enter target cells. Though the outbreak of COVID-19 in China is unknown but the wide spread of this infection reveals that it can spread from animals to human and human to human and also through air. In this article, we have discussed about the structural aspects, functional properties, preventive measures of COVID-19 and also the updated information on the development of medicines and vaccines for the disease caused by COVID-19. Gowder. An Updated Review on Covid-19 with Special Reference to Structural Elucidation and Functional Properties.


Structure and Properties of Coronavirus
Coronaviruses are exhibiting the crown-like spikes on their body surface. They are part of the Coronavirinae family of the Nidovirales group. There are four genera of coronaviruses -alpha, beta, gamma, and delta ( Figure 2). A coronaviral genome encodes four major structural proteins. These are spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein and all of them are necessary particles to grow a structurally exact viral [4]. However, it has recently been reported that some CoVs do not need the complete structural protein community to form a complete, infectious virion [5 -7]. Individually, each protein plays a role primarily in the structure of the virus particle, but they also play a role in other aspects of the replication cycle. The spike (S) glycoprotein of the coronavirus is a class I viral fusion protein on the outer envelope of the virion that moves a crucial role in viral infection by recognizing host cell receptors and mediating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes [8 -10]. It is synthesized as a precursor protein comprising ~1,300 amino acids. There are two functional subunits of S: subunit-S1 and subunit-S2. S1 subunit favors binding to the host cell receptor and S2 subunit is responsible for the fusion of the viral and cellular membranes.
Coronavirus S glycoprotein features two diverse protease cleavage spaces. The S1/S2 cleavage space of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein is placed after residue 667 of the precursor protein, but the S2' cleavage space of the SARSCoV S glycoprotein is on the S2 subunit and is 130 amino acids from the N terminus of the S2 subunit. The S1/ S2 cleavage site is involved in the perfusion of the S1-S2 trimer spike. The S2 cleavage site is involved in the perfusion of SARS-CoV S glycoprotein [11][12][13]. Constructional biology works, especially recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) works have

Health Education: Coronavirus Prevention
Coronavirus has been confirmed to be transmitted from person to person by droplets. When infected, breathing, coughing, sneezing, speaking, and touching, infected droplets spread to people with a diameter of about one to two meters. When the virus leaves the patient, it will be difficult for them to survive in the air. This disease has five clear symptoms: fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue and respiratory distress ( Figure 6). The most evident symptom is fever, whose body temperature is greater than 37.3 Celsius degrees. We should protect ourselves and prevent the spread of this disease. We can clean our hands regularly and by rubbing an alcohol-based hand sanitizer or wash them with soap and water. Since we wash our hands with soap and water or use alcohol-based hand scrubs, they kill viruses that may be in our hands. We can leave a distance of at least 1 meter (3 feet) between yourself and anyone who coughs or sneezes. When someone coughs  We should be sure to apply fine respiratory hygienic. This implies that skin in our mouth and nose with a folded elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then immediately discard the used tissue or napkin, because droplets radiate the virus. By applying good respiratory hygiene, we keep people around us from viruses such as colds, flu and COVID-19. If we feel ill, we need to stay at home.
If we have a fever, cough, and trouble breathing, we need to call medical advice and call in advance. Observe the instructions of our regional health center. Because public and regional authorities will have the most up-to-date knowledge about the status in our region.
Searching in the future will allow oour healthcare professional to fast guide us to the correct healthcare professional. This will also keep us to prohibit spreading of viruses and other infections. One Besides, we should monitor the people who have visited COVID-19 regions (last 14 days) or recently traveled abroad. We need to apply the protection measures specified for everyone engaged in travel. Infected people should rest at home until they recover, even with slight signs such as headaches, low-grade fever (37.3 C or higher), and mild nasal discharge. One should wear a mask for every occasion. After travel, if we have flue, cough or breathing problems, we need to call the primary health care centers or physicians near to our area for medical advice in advance.
Because, making a call ahead of time will let our healthcare provider to fast guide us to the correct healthcare center. This will also assist in prohibiting the probable spread of COVID-19 and other viruses.

Medicines / Vaccines
To date, there is no special remedy for COVID -19. Remedy is determined by symptoms. Some western, traditional or home remedies can provide comfort and relieve the symptoms of COVID-19. Therefore, there is no evidence that a particular drug

Conclusion
The occurrence of two betaCoV-related outbreaks over the previous decade has stimulated COVID-19 investigative, focusing on the cross-species transmission mechanisms of these viruses. In particular, the dense academic struggle to identify SARS and SARS-CoV provided an inimitable status study in viral evolution and zoonotic transmission. The example of SARS-CoV underlines the need for a type of bridge that can guide virus development in some cases, allowing direct emergence of a variant that is in direct contact with people and can be efficiently transmitted between humans. It highlights viral strategies that allow quick conformation to novel kinds and indicates that mild pathogenic viruses may not stay that way with variances in human and animal populations, that raise viral variation or interspecific contact density. Experimentation with SARS-CoV has represented the significance of fieldwork that definitive and describes viruses and host agents in feral and domestic animals. Forward study on these guidelines can aid to predict and prevent the latter SARS. Moreover, CoV S protein is an important element to be investigated in this time point of view.
Much progression has been accomplished so far on the properties of S, the interplay of S with receptors and the preparation of S by host proteases. In a nutshell, this study is focused on our mentality of coronaviral S proteins to demonstrate the base for cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and beyond this information should assist to prohibit or estimate forward transmission cases.