Human Donor Breast Milk Bank: What is on the horizon?

Mother’s breast milk (MBM) is the Rolls Royce of all feeding option for all neonates [1-6]. However, MBM is not always available, insufficient or is not suitable. Under these conditions, pasteurized donor breast milk (PDBM) purchased from a donor breast milk bank (DBMB) is a better option than the preterm formula [1-6]. DBMB rely on mothers who have delivered a baby at full-term gestation and have been lactating for several weeks [7-10]. Generally, milk from four to six mothers is pooled. Sterifeed (England) or HSC (France) pasteurizers have been used for several decades. These devices are large, expensive, require special electrical and water connections, need a large amount of water which is not recycled and an ongoing supply of disposable plastic bottles. Use of these devices require special training. To be cost effective they need a large volume of milk during each cycle. Therefore, the use of these devices has remained limited to DBMB in developed countries or larger hospitals in big cities in the developing countries.


Introduction
Mother's breast milk (MBM) is the Rolls Royce of all feeding option for all neonates [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, MBM is not always available, insufficient or is not suitable. Under these conditions, pasteurized donor breast milk (PDBM) purchased from a donor breast milk bank (DBMB) is a better option than the preterm formula [1][2][3][4][5][6]. DBMB rely on mothers who have delivered a baby at full-term gestation and have been lactating for several weeks [7][8][9][10]. Generally, milk from four to six mothers is pooled. Sterifeed (England) or HSC (France) pasteurizers have been used for several decades. These devices are large, expensive, require special electrical and water connections, need a large amount of water which is not recycled and an ongoing supply of disposable plastic bottles. Use of these devices require special training. To be cost effective they need a large volume of milk during each cycle. Therefore, the use of these devices has remained limited to DBMB in developed countries or larger hospitals in big cities in the developing countries.
Recently we have developed a compact, portable, user-friendly breast milk pasteurizer (BMP) capable of pasteurizing 5 to 500 ml of expressed breast milk (EBM) during each cycle using the principle of Holder pasteurization [11]. This device, named Kimie, does not require special water plumbing, re-cycles water and is inexpensive.
It is eco-friendly and automated using modern microprocessor technology. It requires only 4500 ml of water which is recycled. To be eco-friendly, for easy cleaning and to be cost-effective, it uses grade 304 stainless-steel cylinders instead of the disposable plastic bottles [12]. In the food industry, the regulating agencies prefer to use stainless-steel for heating, cooling or drying because it prevents any chemical reaction between the food and the container [12]. Kimie has received the European Certificate of compliance (no 6]. Kimie can be easily installed in the in-hospital setting. A physician, nurse or both can approach mothers who deliver premature babies in the immediate post-partum period. Information regarding their medical and lifestyle risk factors, and prenatal serum syphilis, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, HTLV is readily available from the pre-natal records. The NICU staff can easily educate these mothers regarding the need for expressing milk, the importance of breast hygiene, proper collection and storage of EBM. Mothers can express BM in the hospital under supervision of a nurse or a lactation specialist.
These mothers can be requested, as needed, to express milk more than what their baby requires, With the availability of Kimie, it will be easy to give PDBM obtained from another mother who had a premature baby a few days or weeks ago, and is now able to produce extra milk than what her baby requires. The DBM from the preterm mother can be pasteurized and stored frozen. This approach will decrease the need for DBM obtained from mothers who had a baby at full term gestation. Use of preterm milk is better since it has a higher content of protein, fat, aminoacids, lysozymes, calcium and sodium [18][19][20][21]. Clinical studies to establish the validity of above stated approach using devices like
When fed raw untreated BM, the transmission of CMV occurred in 33 out of 90 (37 %) infants by three months of corrected GA [22][23][24][25][26]. However, a lower incidence has been reported when BM was pre-treated with Holder pasteurization. While pasteurization of the BM completely eliminates CMV [22][23][24][25][26], it has not been feasible to pasteurize own mother's EBM since the existing pasteurizers were not readily available. With the availability of Kimie it should be easy to pasteurize the natural mother's BM to eliminate CMV before it is given to the at-risk very premature infant.
In the absence of prophylactic pharmacotherapy, breastfeeding accounts for half of mother to-child transmission of HIV-1 [28][29][30][31][32][33]. Co-infections in BM with CMV are associated with increased postnatal maternal to child transmission of HIV-1. However, BM remains crucial for infant survival in countries with limited resources. Therefore, in HIV-1 positive women, the elimination of CMV and HIV-1 virus by pasteurizing mother's BM prior to its consumption will abolish vertical CMV and HIV-1 transmission.
With the availability of Kimie it should be feasible to do so.
A few examples of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) with T-cell lymphopenia include severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), 22q11 deletion syndrome, (DiGeorge), CHARGE syndrome, VACTERL association and ataxia telangiectasia [34]. The clinical course of SCID is well understood and life-saving treatments including hematopoietic stem transplantation (HSC) have become available [34]. Infants with SCID are at a high risk of developing CMV and other infections. CMV is transmitted by oral secretion or mother's BM. The acquisition of CMV negatively affects the success of HSCT [34]. Therefore, no breast feeding or use of PDBM is recommended [34]. With the availability of Kimie it should be easy to pasteurize the natural mother's EBM prior to feeding her infant. At UCLA hospital one infant was diagnosed with SCID at nine days of age through the newborn metabolic screening program.
His mother's blood had high levels of IgG antibodies against CMV.
Staring at nine days of age he has been receiving his own mother's EBM that has been pasteurized daily using Kimie. He is five months old, has remained CMV negative while awaiting stem cell bone marrow transplant.
In summary, with the availability of devices like Kimie we envision mushrooming of in-hospital installed donor breast milk banks all over the world. This approach will help in further improving the health of neonates, premature and full term alike.