Pharmacological Evidence from Plants of Genus Jacaranda

the pharmacological evidences from genus Jacaranda. The following article gives a critical assessment of the literature to date, aims to show that the pharmaceutical potential of this genus has been underestimated, and deserves closer attention.

to show an overall aspect of genus Jacaranda, as a continuation to the previous work, which will serve as a source of information for researchers from various species of the genus Jacaranda [1,7].

Species of Genus Jacaranda
Jacaranda oxyphylla Jacaranda Oxyphylla CHAM. is an shrub found in the Brazilian Cerrado, commonly known as "caroba-de-São-Paulo" and used on the popular medicine to treat microbial infections [8][9][10], Pereira et al., 2016 [8,11] made a phytochemical screening and proved the presence of terpenoids, that are potentially active chemicals substances. In the same study, the plant showed antiedematogenic, antimicrobial and antiacetylcholinesterase activity.

Jacaranda Acutifolia
Jacaranda acutifolia is widely distributed in Central America, where is used as an ornamental tree. It presents in its constitution secondary metabolites of the class of flavonoids [21] and tannins [22]. In 20014, Singab et al., found that the species has antimicrobial activity [22].

Jacaranda Ulei
Jacaranda ulei Bureau has been popularly used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases, backache, skin disorders, urinary tract disorders and dysentery [23,24]. Its constitution is integrated by secondary metabolites of the class of phenolic compounds that can be related to the antioxidant potential of the plant [25], but so far pharmacological studies have not been conducted.

Jacaranda Decurrens
The specie Jacaranda decurrens CHAM. hasthes cientific synonym Jacaranda pteroides Manso, receiving common names as "carobinha e caroba" [23]. In Brasil, It's na endemic plant of Brazilian cerrado in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Maranhão e São Paulo [26]. It has its leaves used on the treatment of high blood pressure, as a purifying blood, in infectious processes and liver disorders [27,28].
The hydro-alcoholic extract of the leaves of carobinha presented antioxidant activity similar to the rutin standard, revealing to have potential sequestering of H+ cations [29]. It was also demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in induced model of paw edema in rats, similar to dexamethasone standard [30]. In recent study, our research group observed healing activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of the species leaves [31]. Study with the hydro-alcoholic extract of plant leaves showed that the triterpene and the ursolic acid have high activities: antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, immunoregulatory and inhibitory of human cancer cells [32,33].
However, few pharmacological studies about the plant J. decurrens CHAM. were found on the literature, although phytochemical analysis performed with the specie indicates the presence of flavonoids, flavones, triterpene, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid [34] that can be related with its therapeutic potential.

Jacaranda Puberula
Jacaranda puberula CHAM., also known as "caroba" and "carobinha" in Brazil, is a midsize tree (4-7 m) native to Brazil, where is largely distributed in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul and Mata Atlântica. There are studies reporting the use of extracts of the leaves of this tree for the treatment of burns [35,36], but has not been found scientific evidences about this.
The phytochemistry prospection of the plant extract of Jacaranda cuspidifolia detected the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenes, coumarins and steroids [44]. Lupeol, ursolic acid and oleanolic are the principal isolated terpenoids and that present inhibitory growing activity of Micobacterium [42]. This specie presents  to the presence of jacaranone, a quinonid compound [45][46][47].
Were isolated and characterizated some compounds as glycoside and neolignan [48], metabolites known for their antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities [48].

Jacaranda Copaia
Studies realized in the Amazon describe the popular use of the plant in the treatment of skin infections, through sap application of barks and leaves. Moreover, Indians "Andoque" in the Colombian Amazon prepare a decoction of crushed leaves until a consistency of the honey type to apply topically this medication to promote healing [49]. Another study report popular use of the plant in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea treatment, leishmaniasis treatment in South America and cancer prevention [50]. There were no pharmacological studies demonstrating the plant action for any of the reported activities.

Conclusion
Despite the diversity of species that make up the Jacaranda genus, and ethnopharmacological studies highlight the use of parts of these plants for therapeutic purposes, there are still few chemical and pharmacological papers that seek to clarify the secondary metabolites present in the species and their respective biological activities.