Survey on Ethno Botany and Medicinal Animals at Sayo and Hawa Gelan Districts of Kelem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia

parts like hoof, blood, meat, liver is commonly used with different additives like milk, honey, salt. This study showed the wide use of medicinal plants and animals in Hawa Galan and Sayo District in meeting the primary healthcare needs of the community. Even though there is a wealth of indigenous knowledge transfer is declining from generation to generation as a result of oral transmission. This finding therefore may imply that conducting in-depth scientific studies may help elucidate the science underlying the efficacy of both animals and plants in managing health and this may lead to the discovery of useful Lead compound. Further studies concerning the conservation and management of the animal and plant resources are needed.


ISSN: 2574 -1241 Introduction
Millions of people around the world have an intimate relationship with their livestock. Ethiopia is the home of many nationalities and remarkably diverse flora and fauna, including numerous endemic species that are utilized in the different traditional medical practices. In Ethiopia, people have been using both plant and animal species for medication of different animal and human diseases over centuries when there was no modern health service delivery [1]. Ethnomedicine is being defined as a mode of identifying, use and integration of the local knowledges, related skills and custom procedures created by people for purpose of preserving health and welfare of working and productive animals [2]. They also studies traditional knowledge, folk beliefs, skills, methods and practices used for the treatment of livestock ailments.
There are local healers, who are knowledgeable and experienced in traditional veterinary health care. They use the locally available medicinal plants for treatment of animals and humans. The ethno veterinary systems are ecosystem and ethnic-community specific and therefore, the characteristics, sophistication, and intensity of these systems differ greatly among individuals, societies, and regions. The traditional medical knowledge of indigenous people across the globe has played an important role in identifying living organisms which are important for treating Human and livestock health problems [3].
The practice of ethno veterinary medicine has lagged behind that of its counterpart (modern veterinary medicine) many times partly because the practice was secretly done, and its information hidden in the gray literature [4]. The identification and acquisition of this knowledge was no means an easy task in the lives of people.
It was a gradual process of trial and error mechanisms, which must have caused many a fatality before coming to its current status [5].
The discovery of those practices must have occurred in a number of ways, not only by the principle of trial and error mechanism.
According to the World Health Organization (1993) at least 80% of people in developing countries depend largely on indigenous practices for the control and treatment of various diseases affecting both human beings and their animals [1]. Of the 252 essential chemicals selected by the World Health Organization, 8.7% came from animals [6]. Since ancient times, animals and their Products have been used in the preparation of traditional remedies in various cultures [7]. General observations and studies show that the farmers in developing countries are using ethno veterinary practices for curing various diseases of their livestock. Recent revival of Western interest in traditional veterinary medicine followed a revived interest in traditional practices in human health [8]. The importance of traditional medicine as a source of primary Interest in ethno vet practices has grown recently because these practices are much less prone to drug resistance and have fewer damaging side-effects on the environment than conventional medicine [1]. In many native and local stock raising communities if not all, a considerable proportion of useful ethno knowledge and some of the traditional animal health care practices remain unknown to date, albeit their increased demand to be integrated into primary animal health care delivery systems for wider use by rural and peri-urban communities. The folk health practices largely remain undocumented and are passed on from one generation to the other by word of mouth [9]. The healing of human ailments by using therapeutics-based medicines obtained from animals is called zootherapy [10]. Wild and domestic animals and their by-products such as hooves, skins, bones, feathers, and tusks are important ingredients in the preparation of curative, protective and preventive medicine [11,12].

Research Gap
Despite the fact that ethno medicine has been very crucial for the animal health care of most developing countries, it has not yet been well documented, and much effort is needed in research and integration activities in these countries. The current loss of medicinal organisms in the country due to natural and anthropogenic factors links with the missing of valuable indigenous knowledge associated with the plants and animals. Most times, it is impossible to document all the knowledge of traditional healers.
Hence critical observations of traditional medicine practices of the community should make for the selection of plants that are worth documenting. In many developing countries, medicinal plants have not been well studied, tested or documented. Most of the information is still in the hands of traditional healers and knowledge of healers is either lost or passed to generation by the word of mouth. Thus, ethnobotanical research attempts to document the knowledge of the healers in the community in order to reserve it for future use [13]. Loss of traditional knowledge has impact on the development of modern medicine [14].

Justification
It is important to document the traditional knowledge of human communities, since the majority of such communities are losing their socioeconomic and cultural characteristics [14]. In Ethiopia, many ethnic communities mainly use local traditional medicine for their health care. Work has been done on ethnobotany with few reports ethnozoology in Ethiopia but there is lacking published documents in Sayo and Hawa Galan districts. Therefore, this research was focused on. a) Assessing and identifying ethno medicine knowledge and practices used for maintaining the health and curing diseases of humans and livestock

Materials and Methods
A purposive Study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2019 on Ethnopractitioners offering primary healthcare services to both livestock and humans.

Description of the Study Area
The study was conducted in Sayo and Hawa Galan district which is located in Kellem Wollega zone, Oromia Regional state,

Study Methods
Semi-structured interviewees, observation and guided field walks with informants was employed to obtain ethnobotanical data. For this study purposive sampling was employed to identify potential informants, kebeles and districts. Recommended traditional medicine practitioners was identified as potential informants and subsequently participated in personal interviews.
Interviews were based on a checklist of questions prepared before hand in English and translated to the local language (Afan Oromo). Fruitful initial contacts were made and more ethnopractitioners were identified using their existing networks. In order to evaluate the reliability of the information gathered, each key respondent was visited at twice on the same idea to prove the validity of the information given out during the first visit before its final documentation [17].

Collection of Specimens of Plants
Following a personal interview with the selected key respondents, a field trip was made to identify and collect the listed plant specimens. The specimens were harvested, prepared,

Results
Sixty-six different plant species and ten different animal species were claimed by local healers having medicinal value. From fortyfour (44) respondent's majority of them were males aged between 35-46 years old, with formal education (Table 1). A list of plants and plant products traditionally used to manage animal and human health amongst the Sayo and Hawa Galan district, including their scientific and vernacular names, growth habits, family names, disease and ill-health conditions treated, target type of patient and the preparation forms of different remedies was made ( Table 2). The names of plants were arranged according to their alphabetical order.
The classification of plant specimens into growth life forms and/ or habits was also made based on the definition and description of Yumoto et al. 1994 [18]. A total of 66 plant species distributed in 38 families were documented to be used in livestock and human health management by traditional healthcare providers in the study area.
Growth life forms of the documented plant species was categorized as trees, shrub, and herbs (Tables 3-8). Shrub Constitute the largest category followed by tree and herb respectively. This shows that the most widely used plant habit in the study area is shrub probably due to abundance and easy accessibility [19].         districts. In the present study, ten (10) species of medicinal animals were collected for treating different ailments of human and animals (Table 9).

Discussion
The results of the present study showed that Hawa Galan In this study, 10 animal species or their products were identified and believed to cure different ailments. Other studies reported in Ethiopia showed that approximately 23 animals and/or their parts were identified to be used in traditional medicines in Degu tribes in Tigray region [27]. Sixteen species of medicinal animals were collected and identified for treating 18 different human ailments in the Kafta-Humera District, Northern Ethiopia [28]. The study conducted by Borah and Prasad recorded a total of 44 different species of animals which are used for the treatments of 40 different ailments [29]. Information regarding the way to acquire traditional medicinal knowledge, duration of time to use traditional medicine, the reason that forces the people to use traditional medicines, categories of people that use traditional medicine, the outlooks of people about the use of traditional medicine, conservation, and documentation mechanisms of traditional medicinal animals were gathered from all respondents [30]. Nature has been the source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and a number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources based on their use in traditional medicine [31].
The traditional knowledge of the use and conservation of the plants is still being transferred from generation to generation, but appeared to be aging. The problem of transfer of knowledge from the elders to the young generation probably arose following the introduction of modern education, religious, spiritual and culturerelated factors. Therefore, it is not only essential to conserve such a wealth of information hidden among the local people but also to apply modern science and technology to meet the ever increasing requirements of humankind. Furthermore, conservation of these biological resources is very important because their sustainable use can generate higher levels of employment and income. It was hypothesized that the findings may provide useful information for further scientific research to determine efficacies for documented ethnoproducts and practices to help improve animal health and human livelihood in Africa.

Conclusion and Recommendations
This study showed the wide use of medicinal plants and animals in Hawa Galan and Sayo District in meeting the primary healthcare needs of the community. A limited access to modern healthcare facilities could be considered as the main factors for the continuation of the traditional practice. There is an abundance of medicinal plants in the study area with almost all growth habitats which is probably attributed due to comfortable climate of the area.
Even though there is a wealth of indigenous knowledge transfer is declining from generation to generation as a result of oral transmission. This finding therefore may imply that conducting indepth scientific studies may help elucidate the science underlying the efficacy of both animals and plants in managing health and this may lead to the discovery of useful Lead compound. There is a need therefore for the community to address the challenges of sustainable utilization and conservation of these medicinal organisms and resource ethnopractitioners.