Coronavirus HKU1, and Co-Infection for RSV, A Case Report in Mexico City. Pediatric patient from Belgium, December 2019

This report presents the case of a one year six months old female infant who was born in Belgium without a family history of importance for the condition reported below. The patient resulted from a normally progressing pregnancy with proper prenatal care. She was born at 36.4 weeks of gestation by childbirth without complications, with adequate weight and height, without requiring advanced resuscitation maneuvers. The patient had a complete vaccination scheme for her age, according to her country of origin, and had no personal pathological history of importance. The reported condition started in December 2019, 2 days prior to her admission to the urgent care, during air travel from Belgium to Mexico. The picture was characterized by asthenia, adynamia and irritability, an increase in temperature to 37.5°C; watery rhinorrhea; irritative and productive cough with coughing spells of 3-5 spells, with long intervals, non-cyanotic, non-dyspneic nor emetic, and with no predominance of schedule. The patient was taken to a private pediatric hospital due to initial symptoms of tachypnea, the temperature of 38.8°C, recurrent every 6 hours, and the following vital signs: respiratory rate of 70 breaths per minute, heart rate of 184 beats per minute, blood pressure of 102/48 mmHg, the temperature of 38.4°C, ambient air saturation of 72%, irritability that was comforted by parents, data of severe shortness of breath at the expense of suprasternal retraction, intercostal retraction, and thoracoabdominal dissociation. The thorax presented prolonged expiration and dispersed crepitant rales, with hypoventilation areas, and the rest of the exploration without other alterations

: First radiography in PA projection (a) and lateral projection (b). a) We can see an increase in the thickness and radiopacity at the both perihilar region, in addition to identifying an incipient consolidation area in the medial segment of the middle lobe. b) There are atelectasis bands in the middle lobe topography in addition to perihilar filling.

Admission Treatment
Influenza rapid test: negative.  Figure 2&3).  Last chest X-ray in AP projection, obtained on expiration, which accentuates the changes due to bilateral hilar congestion; atelectasis zones persist in the middle lobe; however, radiological improvement is evident with respect to the consolidation zone reported in previous studies.

Control Treatment
An echocardiogram showed a structurally normal heart, with no data of pulmonary hypertension. The treatment included ceftriaxone for seven days, clarithromycin for ten days, and nitazoxanide for five days. Treatment with methylprednisolone was given for five days, and treatment with prednisone (1 mg/kg/ day) was continued for seven days. Oxygen delivery devices were gradually scaled back until ambient air saturations of 92% to 98% were achieved. A thorax CT scan was requested since the condition of the patient allowed it.

CT Scan Axial Cut
Simple tomography in pulmonary parenchyma window at the lower lobes level, showing thickening of the interlobular septal ( Figure 7).

Figure 7.
Considering the CAT results, micro nebulizations with alfa dornase were added every 12 hours as well as budesonide/ formoterol through an aero chamber, causing the patient to improve.
The patient was discharged after 13 days due to an adequate clinical evolution and was sent for further management to her country of origin. To the present date, the patient reports adequate growth and development without any respiratory complications.

Discussion
The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) CoVID-19 is to date the seventh discovered. They are described, in order of appearance as: HcoV-229E that was identified in 1966. HCocV-0C43 observed in 1967; both causing in humans a respiratory illness similar to the flu.
The SARS-CoV discovered in November 2002, which caused an epidemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome. HCoV-NL63  The treatment of RSV is carried out with supportive measures.
We report the case of a pediatric patient who was initially treated for a suspected diagnosis of influenza infection and bacterial aggregation. However, upon a bad evolution, the suddenness of the clinical picture, and the positive testing for co-infection with CoV-HKU1 and RSV, changes were made to her treatment resulting in a good evolution in a third level private pediatric hospital. The CoV-HKU1 and RSV viruses are more frequent in autumn and winter time [6]. The clinical symptoms for pneumonia that the patient presented are difficult to differentiate by the etiological agent since pneumonia by CoV-HKU1 and RSV can share fever, nasal symptoms, laryngitis, cough, otitis, and headache; the RSV can manifest in infants in the lower airway as bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia [7]; the HKU1 can occur as viral pneumonia in the minority of cases [2], gastrointestinal symptoms and neurological disorders such as seizures are also reported in the CoV-HKU1 [8].
The median duration of fever in HKU1 is 1.7 days, although, in association with RSV, it can increase up to 5.2 days. In the case of our patient, the median duration was three days [3]. RNA virus co-infection like the one in this clinical case may be the result of poor host response in the balance of innate immunity and adaptive immunity, the high virulence of pathogens, and the capacity to evade the host immune response. The RSV is associated with polymorphisms in genes that encode factors for innate immunity; on the other hand, coronaviruses modify the cell membrane in a way designed to increase their viral replication, so the combination of both results in more severe [9] clinical profiles. Currently, there are reports that don't show clearly if the co-infection is more severe than the single infection [10]. Chikara establishes in a retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with pneumonia due to CoV-HKU1, the presence of a co-pathogen (RSV), and the host's immune status was associated five more times with an increase in the severity of the pneumonia [11]. The diagnostic method used was filmArray®, a method for rapid detection for various pathogens, including VRS and CoV-HKU1, which obtains through a pharyngeal swabbing a very high sensitivity and specificity [12]. Levels of procalcitonin has only 0.91, regarding the acute phase reactants, procalcitonin has significant value since viruses that stimulate macrophages by increasing alpha-interferon compared with the alpha-tumor necrosis factor that raises the procalcitonin in bacterial [2] origin.
In various reports of patients with RSV infection. There is no established treatment for RSV, it is recommended maintenance treatment with oxygen therapy and fluids [13,14,] in this case, with the co-infection the patient presented wheezing that was reverted with bronchodilators and the addition of systemic and inhaled steroids as anti-inflammatory [15] therapy, and the elevation of leukocytes with a predominance of neutrophils decides the coverage of pneumococcus since bacterial co-infections occur in 17 to 39% [16] of the patients who are admitted into pediatric intensive care.
The palivizumab as a preventive biological is indicated for patients with established risk factors such as prematurity; however, the high cost of the medication makes it difficult to access the population [17]. In recent years, several antiviral drugs have been tested as well as nuclease analogs without presenting real effectiveness in the daily use [18,19]. The nitazoxanide was also used, which is a broad-spectrum intestinal antiparasitic that possesses in vitro bactericidal properties against gramnegative anaerobes, gram positives and non-replicant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [20]. The patient received Nitazoxanide for five days and presented clinical improvement; it has been established in vitro that it decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral mononuclear cells and suppresses the production of IL-6 [21]. The patient presented a favorable evolution and was discharged home with supplemental oxygen.

Conclusion
HCoV-HKU1 was described in 2005 which is of interest in the present case, the reports of severe coronavirus infection in the pediatric population amount to a minimal percentage nowadays.
Therefore, each country must make an effort to communicate accordingly what we see and how we treat it, to improve the statistic at global level. We think that it is essential to study each case separately from the statistics, taking into consideration the evolution of the patient, the response of their defense mechanisms, age, and sex. Also, we must base on the technological advances that are available to isolate the microorganisms, which currently allow us to make better decisions in the diagnosis and treatment for each patient.