Impact of Rosemary Leave extracts on Triacylglycerol levels in Human Serum Albumin

In order to estimate the best affinity of rosemary extract towards the removal of triacylglycerol (TAG) from a real human serum albumin ...


Introduction
The management of many chronic diseases such as hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, obesity, has been done by some known medicinal plants for a long time by different nations [1]. In Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. Medicinal herbs as medicines have played an important role in treating different diseases [2]. The use of medicinal plants in the traditional medicine is on the rise because of their treatment properties of various diseases [3]. The advantage of herbal medicine rises from the fact that plants contain only natural substances in contrast to synthetic drugs, which have been proved to have major side effects despite their treatment ability. Several herbs have been proved efficient in reducing high blood cholesterol, blood sugar, providing some protection against cancer and stimulating the immune system [4]. Figure 1 shows the commonly called Rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) native to the north and south coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, is an evergreen perennial aromatic shrub belonging to the family Labiatae [5]. Some of common uses of Rosemary is as a spice and flavoring agent in food processing [6]. It has been found that dried In order to estimate the best affinity of rosemary extract towards the removal of triacylglycerol (TAG) from a real human serum albumin sample HSA in vitro, Rosemary leaves were obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis L plant, and rosemary extracts were prepared with four well selected ethanol-water concentrations combinations and were screened accordingly. The relative affinities of the rosemary (RM) extracts using the selected extraction solvents were evaluated spectrophotometrically and analyzed by applying a well-defined standard equation for each extract. Our results of the current study suggest that the extracts of RM plant could be considered as effective agents to remove TAG from human serum albumin in vitro. The relative affinity is dependent on the concentration of ethanol -water ratio used in the extraction procedure. The relative affinities of plant extracts in this study towards the removal of TAG showed different extends for TAG removal and were varied from 3.96 to 11.16 dependent on ethanol -water ratio. The studied extracts interacted with human serum albumin (HSA) with different binding affinities, which were directly related to their relative affinities to remove TAG from the human serum albumin sample. The present study clearly shows that the highest relative affinity was observed in 50% ethanol -water extracting solution.
leaves and flowers of Rosemary are considered to be an interesting source of biologically active phytochemicals such as phenolic com-pounds including carnosol, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid ( Figure   2) and others, having in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity [7,8]. Some antioxidant phenolics contained in Rosemary have been shown to provide a defensive ability against oxidative stress generated from different metabolic activities of the cells [9]. Rosemary also demonstrates antioxidant, diuretic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidimic activities according to many studies [10,11]. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of rosemary extract on blood triacylglycerol (TAG) level bound to human serum albumin as there is a strong evidence for extract from Rosemary leaves to play a role as a hypoglycemic and a hypolipidemic agent. RM plant extracts prepared in selected ethanol-water concentrations of compositions (0%, 30%, 50% and 100% v/v) from some species of rosemary leaves were screened for TAG removal from human serum albumin sample. To maximize the recovery of RM extract for TAG removal from human serum albumin, establishing optimal and specific extraction condition using binary solvent system of ethanol and water is important. Our findings may provide some useful information to support the age-long practice of using RM as a potential anti-hypertensive medicinal herb [12].

Materials and Methods
Materials and Solutions HSA (fatty acid free, 96∼99%) is

Plant Leaves Collection and Preparation
Rosemary leaves were bought from a local market in Gaza city, Palestine in September 2018. The leaves were washed with water to get rid of residual soil and dried. The collected RM leaves were shade, dried and then were incubated at 40ºC for 4 hours until complete drying, and finally were ground to fine powder using a hammer mill. The fine powder of Rosemary Leaves was then stored in airtight plastic containers.

Rosemary Extraction
A quantity of 10 grams of fine ground powder of rosemary plant material were soaked in 100 ml of boiled water, after 1 h stirring, at room temperature overnight, the supernatant was decanted. The pooled supernatant was combined and filtered and then was placed in a porous bag or "thimble" made of strong filter paper, which is placed in Soxhlet chamber. The extracting solvent (under study: 100% ethanol, 50%, 30% or 0%) in Soxhlet flask was then heated, and its vapors condensed in Soxhlet condenser. The condensed extract dripped into the thimble containing the crude leaves extract, was then collected, filtered, and the solvent was evaporated to the minimum volume (few mls). The different ethanolic extracts of RM leave plant samples were stored at 4°C in the absence of light for further experiments. The advantage of this method, compared to other normal methods, is that large amounts of plant extract can be eluted with a much smaller quantity of solvent.

Spectroscopic Analysis
The absorbance of UV-vis spectra was recorded along the wavelength range of 240-400 nm, in 10 mm quartz cuvettes by the spectrophotometer. The scan rate was kept at 200 nm/min for all analysis. The triacylglycerol-containing HSA was analyzed with and without crude rosemary extract using a simple two-site model [6] in which the vital component in the crude plant extract was expected to interact with binding sites on a protein (HSA).

Analysis Method
UV-vis absorption spectra experiments were performed to identify the extent of TAG removal from HSA sample as a result of addition of the RM extracts. UV-vis absorption measurement is a very simple method to know the complex information formed and usually applied to explore the structural change. we used the difference absorption spectroscopy signals to analyze the spectra, the UV-vis absorption spectra of HSA and the difference in the absorption spectra of HSA/TAG in presence and absence of RM extracts at the same concentrations.

Results and Discussion
In this study, ethanol/water formulations of compositions ( 0%, 30, 50% and 100%) were chosen as extraction solvents because ethanol/water formulations are widely used to obtain crude extracts of phytochemicals from plant materials in the herbal medicine industry for therapeutic applications [13]. UV absorption measurement is a very simple method and applicable to explore the complex formation in the present work [14,15]. The UV spectra of HSA with the absence and presence of RM extracts in different ethanol-water solvents were performed (Figures 3a-3d). It revealed that the peak intensity of HSA rose with the addition of the selected RM extract. The results demonstrated that the absorption values of free HSA were obviously lower than those of HAS-extract mixed solutions with the increasing concentrations of RM extract. These results indicated that there was an interaction between RM extract and HSA. Figure 3a represents 100% aqueous solvent. Figure 3b represents 100% ethanolic. Figure 3c represents 70% aqueous and 50% ethanolic, while Figure 3d represents 50% ethanolic.
Two major absorption peaks at 280 nm (which corresponds to the absorbance due to aromatic amino acids (Trp, Tyr, and Phe in HSA) and the other around 450 nm which corresponds to the absorbance due to TAG in human serum albumin studied in addition to some feeble peaks in the region of 210-260 nm which are observed in the (Figures 3a-3d), and reflected the absorption of the backbone in the protein studied [16]. Both peak intensities were risen upon the addition of the RM extract aliquots. The values of the relative affinities (K r ) for RM plant extracts towards removal of serum TAG from HSA sample were calculated according to the method described by published methods [17,18] using equation (1)      Kr is the relative affinity constant for serum TAG removal.
And is the relative RM extract concentration dissolved in the proper extraction solvent.
Thus, the double reciprocal plot of ( )

1/ ( ) r s RM extra
is linear and the relative affinity constant (K r ) can be estimated from the ratio of the intercept to the slope [17,18].
The relative affinities (K r ) of rosemary extract towards TAG removal from HSA were estimated by using UV-visible spectroscopy and analyzed using the mathematical model represented by equation (1) and the results were presented in Table 1. As seen in Table 1 the ethanolic percent (in extracting solution) exhibited a contradictory effect, it shows an increasing trend in relative affinities (K r )     (1)).

Conclusion
In the present work, the interaction of RM extracts in different the TAG levels were also decreased by 29.06% in the 10 g/day group and 21.3% and 14.97% in the 5 g/day and 2 g/day groups, respectively [19].
Also, the reduction in lipid levels observed after the consumption of RM has been suggested in other studies to be caused by a reduction in the absorption of dietary fat supported by an increase in fecal fat excretion [20]. Our findings support what has been found in a study that focused on the role of RM in decreasing total cholesterol level for all participants. The highest dose of 10 g/day tended to produce the highest reduction of TC by 34.48% followed by 5 g/day with reducsstion 17.97% and 2 g/day 11.48.
This reduction could be of clinical importance as its normalized TC values because TC value of more than 200 mg/dL could be linked to increased risk of heart and blood vessel diseases [21].