Risk of Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Adults not Involved in Physical Labor

The risk for these non-communicable diseases (NCDs) increases with the increase in body mass index (BMI). In 2012 68% of all deaths were due to NCDs [1] and it was increased by 8 % compared to the deaths of 2000 [3]. About half of the deaths occur under age 70 years [1] and over 85% of these deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries [3,4]. One of the causes of NCDs is obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased rapidly over the last decades especially in developed countries [1,57]. Worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975 and it is a major contributor leading to an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and cancers [8-13]. In 2016 [1] WHO estimated that more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight, where overweight was considered for a person if his/her BMI ≥ 25. Among these 1.9 billion, over 650 million were obese, where obesity was considered for a person if his/her BMI ≥ 30. In percentage 39 percent were overweight and 13 percent were obese. Most of the world’s population live in countries where overweight or obesity compared to underweight kills more people. Overweight and obesity are the major cause of non-communicable diseases and these diseases are the major health burden in the industrialized countries owing to demographic transitions and changing lifestyles among the people.


Introduction
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. The common health consequences of overweight and obesity are a.
Cardiovascular diseases, which were the leading cause of death Other respiratory problems [2].
The risk for these non-communicable diseases (NCDs) increases with the increase in body mass index (BMI). In 2012 68% of all deaths were due to NCDs [1] and it was increased by 8 % compared to the deaths of 2000 [3]. About half of the deaths occur under age 70 years [1] and over 85% of these deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries [3,4]. One of the causes of NCDs is obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased rapidly over the last decades especially in developed countries [1,[5][6][7]. Worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975 and it is a major contributor leading to an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and cancers [8][9][10][11][12][13]. In 2016 [1] WHO estimated that more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 [15]. The effect of diabetes mellitus includes long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs. It is also associated with health hazard such as gangrene, blindness, kidney failure [9,12,16] and with some others NCDs. According to different studies during 1995 -2013 [17][18][19][20][21][22], it was noted that Asia and Eastern Pacific regions are particularly affected due to these diseases. Bangladesh belongs to these regions. In India more than 135 million individuals were affected by obesity. The prevalence of obesity varies due to age, gender, geographical environment, socioeconomic status, etc.
According to ICMR-INDIAB study 2015, prevalence rate of obesity varies from 11.8 % to 31.3% [15]. In Pakistan overweight and obesity were increased with age. Overweight and obese women were more likely to work in business or as skilled workers [23]. Nearly seven in 10 truck drivers were obese and 17% were morbidly obese. Among all working American adults, one-third are obese and 7% are morbidly obese [24]. From the above discussion, it is clear that businessmen, skilled workers and government employees are at high risk of overweight and obesity as these groups of people have less chance to be involved in physical labor and they have less scope to do physical exercise. In addition to these three groups, housewives have also less chance to do physical labor. In this paper, attempt was made to study the effect of business, government service and household works on overweight and obesity and identify the factors responsible to discriminate businessmen, government employees and housewives from other groups of respondents.

Methodology
The study was done using the data collected from both urban and rural people of Bangladesh. According to the objective of the study attempt was made to collect the data from both diabetic and non-diabetic people as there were association between overweight and obesity and prevalence of diabetes [3,16,17]. The

Results
It was observed from the analysis that out of 900 respondent's 49.3 percent were overweight and obese (Table 1)   Among the respondent's 92.6 percent were married and 50.

Discriminant Analysis
According to the objective of the study it was decided to , p-value = 0.000. It indicated that the two groups of adults were significantly different, and the difference was noted in respect of gender of the adults. The coefficients of the discriminant function and the correlation coefficients of the variables with discriminant function score were shown in (Table 2).

Discussion
The analysis presented here was based on data collected from 900 adults. They were classified by the prevalence of overweight and obesity and others. In the first group there were 444 adults and in the second group there were 456 adults. Among the investigated units 635 were diabetic patients and 265 were normal subjects. The data were collected mostly by the doctors and nurses from their working places according to the convenient sampling plan. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was significantly associated with gender. Females were more exposed to overweight and obesity.
Married subjects and adults of age group 25 -50 years were at higher risk of overweight and obesity. Businessmen, servicepersons, and housewives together were at more risk of overweight and obesity.
Overweight and obesity were risk factors for adults who did not do any physical labor.

Conclusion
The analytical results contained in the paper were based on data collected from 900 adults investigated by some doctors and nurses according to convenient sampling design. These adults were classified into two groups according to their level of BMI. In one group there were 444 adults who had BMI ≥ 25. This group was termed as overweight and obese [1]. In another group there were 456 adults who had BMI < 25. The objective of the study was to investigate the risk factors among the adults who were not involved in any activities which are physical labor intensive. Usually, the businessmen, servicepersons, skilled workers and housewives were not directly involved in any work which is physical labor intensive [23,24]. Thus, it was assumed that the above-mentioned group of adults were at more risk of overweight and obesity. The analysis showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among females. No other social characters were associated with prevalence of overweight and obesity. The study indicated that non-involvement in any activities which were physical labor intensive was not significantly associated with overweight and obesity. But higher risk prevailed for these groups of adults in respect of education and profession. Married persons and persons of age group 25 -50 years were more exposed towards overweight and obesity.

3.
Everybody should be encouraged to do some sorts of physical labor / physical exercise whenever they find free time,

4.
Public health authority can motivate the people so that they can avoid the danger of overweight and obesity.