Multiple Impacts of Illegal Logging: A key to Deforestation Over the Globe

Fatima Khalid1, Muhammad Babar Taj2,3,6*, Asma Jamil1*, Huda Kamal1, Tahira Afzal1, Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal4, Tahseenullah Khan1, Muhammad Ashiq5, Ahmad Raheel6, Muhammad Sharif2 and Syed Ahmad Tirmizi6 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan 2Department of Chemistry, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan 3Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kualalampur, Malaysia 4WWF Pakistan Firozpur road Lahore, Pakistan 5Agricultural Research Council, Pakistan 6Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan


Introduction
trade of wood products and globally for unofficial forest activities ten times more than this amount is utilized. There are different methods to estimate unofficial wood cutting which includes wood flow analysis, interview-based data, statistical comparison of import and export. The amount of unofficial wood harvesting varies depending upon the supply and demand for wood Peck [3].

Ranking Scales
According to Transparency International rank table, Indonesia comes in the 1 number of being the most corrupt country, and the level keeps rising in regard to corruption in the forest sector.
The recent rise is noted down by several investigations and environment-related reports with regards to International Forestry Research Smith, et al. [4]. There are some 10 factors that need to be considered while ranking countries: the rule of law, invasiveness of government, monitoring effectiveness, market openness.
Country ranks come from 0 to 100, more will be the rank in numbers, and progressive will be the economy, some countries names are being mentioned in this like Singapore comes in the highest number in this context. Coming towards the ranking Asia

Pacific, South and Central America, and the Middle East/North
Africa arrives in the same range of numbers from 57.5 to 60.0, While Sub Sahara has the lowest number 53.7 and the highest range is being detected in North America 66.1 to 73.8. When EU countries are on the list attention was involved as countries like Estonia and Lithuania comes on 16 and 23 that isn't the truth in the case of forest-related offend Ericsson et al. [5]. It was disclosed by Environmental Investigation Agency in Honduras that there was a pile of corruption and illegalities by politicians, the State Forestry Administration, Timber companies, loggers, transporters, mayors and police. While working on Indonesia, Ghana and Cameroon same conclusions are being made. One of the main problems that arise while solving the issue of illegal deforestation was the difference of interest between State, Government and Stakeholders.
After the Suharto era, Indonesia local sovereignty presented district governments immense role in the management of natural resources, aggravate forest loss Cashore, et al. [6].

Logging and Trade
Forests are the resource that naturally regulates the climatic conditions and concentrations of CO 2 in the area. Rapid industrialization and urbanization cause increased deforestation.
The fast and unchecked cutting of green cover resulted in unbearable losses and caused worst disasters Petak [7]

Cases of International Deforestation
Indonesia: When we check the overall performance of the world with respect to the protection of forest "Indonesia" is one of the countries where this needs to be implemented the most. As the cause of a broad range of endangered species like tigers, elephants and orangutans exist in it so as a distinctive range of biological forest exist in it. But the sad reality is Agriculture Production and illegal logging is being noted to be the main culprits of change in forest cover. However, from 1990 to 2010, Indonesia had raised its forest cover from 10 to 14%. It had been observed that even if an area had been mentioned as protected still this doesn't stop the deforestation from happening. Due to this mentioning of government as an area to be protected area, it might stop the local community for utilizing forest resources this leads to a decrease in the monitoring of that area and an increase in illegal logging activities. One of the reason formations of forest protection noted to ineffective is the cause of uncertainty in landholding or land allocation rights that leads to decline in monitoring and implementation. However, one thing was noted that in National Parks logging activates decline but that doesn't mean that such activities had completely been ended.
Deforestation activities don't seem to be declined in Sumatra protected areas. However, almost 56% of deforestation had been Finding of how from space to space variation has been observed in the functional behaviour of these parks. As Indonesia was a vast area with respect to the forest so the deforestation threats in it vary from region to region. Regarding the current forest data in the end effect on national average preserves has been noted which denoted that 1.1% of forest cover; decrease had been noted with corresponding to impact on individual parks extend the increase noted was 5.3% but the overall Parks impact was different than national average range. Prejudice in the data may have contributed in the divergence of the determined result however it had been observed that Sebangau National Park was more efficient in working comparatively to other parks in the protection of forest cover Shah et al. [10]. Over the past Indonesian government is trying to play its role in solving out the issue of Deforestation (Illegal) for this it has followed some steps for its solution along with its trade.
While following the steps of this leads to the formation of national timber legality verification system (SVLNK), that involves an explanation of legal framework and also enhancing the involvement of stakeholders with forest sector. Private sector reacted in a positive way by promoting awareness of Deforestation (Illegal). These results identified the growing rise of the plantation with minimization in deforestation activities. Land use planning upgradation is needed along with forest conversion needed to be raised as well. Hence for the accomplishment of this activity appraisal in the number of trained officials needed. To solve out the problem of rising in corruption government needs to properly give rights of community living in these areas one way is to allocating the land to these people by the process of mapping and registration Noe, et al. [11].
Bangladesh: In Bangladesh, the forest covers use to be around 17.8%. But this forest cover gets disturbed a lot due to massive deforestation which will be leading towards several problems. The study was mainly focusing on the areas of tropical moist deciduous Sal forests. Methods that were actually used for data collection are primary and secondary data, for primary data collection questionnaire surveys is used which comprises discussion with the local community, while for secondary data collection experts and literature review get used. 2 large group of forest people are used each consist of 60 people both forest dependent and independent people. The study comprises opinion from four "Range officers" and Assistant Conservator of forest in Madhupur Sal forest. At the end from the findings, it gets concluded that illegal logging is the key factor that is playing its role in the massive amount of deforestation.
About 53% of dependent and 26% of non-dependent (non-ethnic) group were not capable of meeting the food requirements all the year and only 10% can make it half year. Illiteracy is observed to be responsible for deforestation as people doesn't have any other way of earning money and meeting their needs. Poverty is a major cause of deforestation and its massive amount is leading towards Illegal logging. People migrate towards Sal forest for achieving a settled and established lifestyle Fox, et al. [12]. Neither the European Union nor the United States regulation admits the third-party certification in order to guarantee wood as legal Rhodes, et al. [14]. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The gathered data was statistically analyzed to get cogency of the relationship between legal and illegal log production. The study showed increasing trends of illegal logging. 18% of the total wood cutting per annum is gained through illegal activities. There is an inverse relationship between the legal and illegal log obtained. The main cause of illegal logging in Peninsular Malaysia was never clearly spotted but according to some NGOs illegal logging in Peninsular Malaysia is caused due to lack of law enforcement which gave rise to corruption within forest authorities Shanmugam [18].

Pakistan:
In Pakistan, between the rate of consumption and supply, there exists a fearsome gap. Here's a recording of past and present wood consumption recording in 1993 wood supply was 18 % insubstantial and in 2013, this rise to a quarter of average consumption. About the other recordings, its validity is not evident.
Due to illegal logging timber was taken away in a massive ratio from the public forest. There was theory also exist about Himalayan forest also that is Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation (THED). It explained that in the Himalayan region due to overpopulation pressure gets building up on the mountain ecology.
The other important factor was that socioeconomic pressure was building up as urbanization is raising more lowland areas are converting into cities and so the demand is clashing with the supply of wood Penh [19]. The decrease in a number of the forest is also been observed as the government didn't succeed in the formation of a relevant institutional system for forest management. Another main reason for the decrease in a number of the forest is due to the closeness of private forest contractors and forest officials which contributed towards illegal logging activities.
Pakistan has strived to overcome "Timber Mafia" which basically

Socio-Economic Impacts
In many parts of the world eradication of forests is causing the shortage of ownership rights to forest communities and a result of which huge amount of pressure is being settled on native populations which will force them to shift to more densely populated areas. It is a fact that the conflict between wood industry interests and local communities are multiplied due to extremely uncertain land ownership relations Izursa et al. [16].
Several areas in the world are practicing illegal logging and cause the destruction of forests. The socio-economic impacts caused by large-scale illegal logging activities are listed hereinafter: desertification, drought, loss of traditional cultures and increased runoff, economic loss, loss to soil fertility, human rights violation and increased ratio of homeless people Reboredo [21]. The social impact is a broad category of impacts. The most important is that it disrespects the law and rule of a nation and related to corruption. It weakens the rights of property holders of the forest communities.

Lack of identification of land use and resource use is involved
causing negative impacts on local communities. As these forests are the homelands of a great number of people and threaten their lifestyle and needs which give rise to conflicts (TEFSO).
The profit generated by these illegal activities may fund national or regional conflicts. This is practiced in countries such as Myanmar,

Environmental Impacts
High level of deforestation is taking place due to illegal logging in the world. At a huge catastrophic level, illegal logging activity is taking place which are converting the forests into grasslands and a considerable decline in plant and animal species are also observed.
In the protected areas illegal logging practices can cause the rare plant and animal species to become threatened Reboredo [20].
Destructive floods, damaged landscapes, polluted air and drinking water can result due to deforestation. And the area will become more exposed to climate change Kolstad et al. [22,23]. Deforestation has its wide range of impacts in respect to biodiversity, which leads also towards the extinction of species due to the falling in the amount of tree count. There is an estimated 30% of remaining habitat cover in regards with the extinction threshold Tacconi [24].

Governance Impacts
Forest department needs to work on controlling the crime regarding forest and also should check and balance the problems which people living in forest areas face making their equitable distribution on taxes, and also taking care of the part they play regards to the forest. In Asia Pacific region illegal logging and deforestation are been a forever recognizable environmental crime.
What's more obvious is Indonesian forest ministry has condemned

Role of Media
Media highlighted this issue in a positive way by increasing public awareness on this matter and also the trade of wood done by illegal logging. But one thing to note down in illegal logging manner is highlighting the problems doesn't mean that change is going to get occur straightway but notifying the problem towards people is important. Media assessment helps to find out how this issue is being communicated in the various country or the actions being taken for it. For research both international and national media being studied from 2009-12. National media source studies get done by using three online sources related to illegal logging information. International media sources were accessed by online media database Factiva. In the end, the results suggested that from 2001 major increase observed in 2007 than decline happens. Some increase did get observed in 2010 that gets communicated by the number of articles being written down. In international media mostly, articles from 2010-12 are being written regarding palm oil production and decline, forest conversation not specifically mentioning illegal logging. This decline regarding illegal logging also gets plotted in national media as well the only rise observe is in 2008 Janssen, et al. [25,26].

Conclusion
This review focuses on cases of deforestation in term of illegal logging at the international level and their Socio-economic, environmental and political impacts. It points out to the factor that we need to check our protection system otherwise in future the situation will turn out worst. This study interacts the reader that are trying to make conservation policy it will help in checking the past and present forest cover data. It will help in observing the encroachments that are been building around the National Park in various countries.

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.