The Digram I Ching Genetic Code Compresses the Genetic Code into 24 Compatible Main Codons

,


1.
For the two continuous lines: 268C Alt X : ⚌ (which means to put 268C and then to press the Alt button and then, while pressing it, hit the "X" one);

2.
For the upper broken and lower continuous line: 268E Alt X : ⚍;

3.
For the upper continuous and lower broken line: 268E Alt X : ⚎; and finally,

4.
For the two broken lines: 268F Alt X : ⚏. The method is to consider as mentioned, the first two nucleotides, being either made of purines or pyrimidines, or a combination of them, as the most significant bases.
So, the equivalence of these diagrams of the "I Ching" when compared to their Yin/Yang arrows presented before [2] are as follows: Remembering that when the arrows shown in the right side of Table 1, the third dimensional spatial result is a reflection of the spiral ladders of the double helix, as shown next (Figure 1). Table 1: Equivalences between the "I Ching" digrams (presented here) and the Yin/Yang arrows (presented in 2, there, not here, in its Appendix Figure 2; see the logic for their molecular obtaining there) as per their relation to the genetic code.

Results
The resulting graphic is as follows (taking the first nucleotide for the first and the last comparison of codons and the third nucleotide for the second and third comparison of codons, attending to my discovery that the extreme arrows go in one direction while the center arrows go in the opposite direction [1]): These are 24 common symbols (= 384/16= 24, such as the hours of the day, twice the months of the year). Which amazingly is the same number obtained by the grouping of amino acids [2] even when the groups are different as presented here in the discussion; also, in the Appendices 1 and 2 we have the representations of the parameters of the C-rings and of the tautomerism as the other two alternatives for classification, in order to be able to integrate by using these tables the third dimensional coordinates X, Y, Z of the Cartesian graphics as demonstrated elsewhere when the 64-codon tables were used [2]. While, the resulting groupings and their representations are: The symbols belong only to the first two nucleotides (the most significant, as the third one has to do more with the regulation of transcription [3]); First by using the ideograms of the "I Ching", then the numbers, and then the nucleotide letters, as seen in Figure 2: one for the long line (being the molecular logic for this that the triple H bond has precisely one hydrogen more of strength when compared to the double H bond, which here is, this last one represented with the broken line), hence zero for the broken line (and that was precisely the numerical assignment given as well by Leibnitz, the first scientist to praise the "I Ching" as a binary system preceding his own binary discoveries); and finally by using the letter of the element (H) combined with the number of bonds (either three or two, in order to visually describe the physicochemical property): For the first group (Pur-Pur_): ⚌-R , ⚌-G , ⚌-A , ⚌-P; or 1-1-R, 1-1-G, 1-1-A, 1-1-P; or H3-H3-R, H3-H3-G, H3-H3-A, H3-H3-P.

Figure 2:
The H-bonds file compression of the codons by taking into account only the two first nucleotides of the codon as Niremberg did in his initial column of his never published original handwritten drawing, until now by me [1], and here in its original for the first time with academic purposes (see Figure 4).
Note: Here, included are the binary equivalences of A and U as 0 and C and G as 1.

Discussion
I did the representation of the complementary hexagrams of the genetic code represented by the "I Ching" in a complementary way since 2012 [4], by using the logic of the annealing of a double helix genetic code starting at the opposite extremes, being the top and the bottom, and at the left and the right, respectively, to end at the center, having obtained this representation by doing a graph of the Keto/Amino tautomerism in the Axis of the "x" (equating G and U to zero and A and C to one) when compared to the nature of the nucleotide ring, being either a purine or a pyrimidine (equating here A and G to zero and C and U to one), something that to my knowledge nobody else had done: to explain the possible logical origin of the complementary or annealing order of the "I Ching" as a genuine earliest representation of the genetic code, as far as we know.
Apart of the earlier books devoted to it, mentioned since my earlier approaches to the square tables to represent the genetic code [5], an inspiring pioneer work because of being one of the earlier works in a scientific journal, was done by Pethoukhov [6], who also obtained the table that I just mentioned, but he did it by using methods such as eigenvalues of matrices [7], and whom in his most recent reviews of the subject says things such as the next enlightening ones [8]: 1.
That even Francoise Jacob said (in French) that "it may be that the "I Ching" should be studied to capture the relationships between heredity and language".

2.
"This ancient sequence of 64 hexagrams in Fu-Xi's order was identical to the ordinal series of numbers from 63 to 0 in decimal notation" (which table corresponds to my logical and independent molecular discovery for its ordering, as stated in [1]),

3.
"By analogy, a sequence of 8 trigrams in Fu-Xi's order is identical to the ordinal series of numbers from 7 to 0 in decimal notation", 4.
"If tabular cells with odd dyadic-shift numerations are painted in black, then the well-known pattern of 64 cells of chessboard appears in this (8х8)-matrix of dyadic shifts (this means to alternate the first cell as white and the next as black, and so until the end as shown in his graphic); one can think that the popularity of many games on such chess-boards is connected with the archetypal significance of this pattern",

5.
"Modulo-2 addition and dyadic-shifts ("notions and operations from the field of informatics but not from physics, chemistry, etc.", he says) were known in Ancient Chinese culture.
They were used in constructions of Chinese tables… then the world is created in accordance with informational principles", 6. "The genetic coding system that has (its logic and mathematics) a property of noise-immunity coding (another elegant to say that it is normally resistant to mutations) at transmission of information along a chain of generations", and for that reason he said: "In living matter reigns informatics of geno-logical coding", this also inspired by Schrodinger's statement in 1994 that said that we  Taken from: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/JJBBJX.pdf Saved at: http://www.webcitation.org/75K5GUU8J Note: The table of Niremberg was also presented in an explained form in [1], where it was used as the basis for the design of synthetic chromosomes to represent the genetic code. circular what is tetrahedral [12]; or guessing in an incomplete analysis (by using only 1/3 of it all, lacking to consider the properties of the C-rings and of tautomerism), at least in relation to my tetrahedron, over that molecular dictionary [13].

Figure 6:
The most extreme file compression of amino acids in the genetic code by grouping them through their exchangeability and compatibility [11]. This is half the size of the proposal of the current article, plus the group of the stop codons acting as an off switch in the same cell as the on switch: M.
Instead of into the genes, which are the actual writings that are using the sourcebook), we have [14] who uses the figure that I developed for [15]: reaching a very nice conclusion, as they say that: "We have tried to show here that DNA polymer is not simply an inert carrier of genetic information, but rather is a dynamic partner of many other molecules in the cell, and thus capable of predetermining regulatory access to genes through its own physical chemistry", to reach this conclusion, earlier, they also quoted my work by saying that: "We have further noticed that with the exception of only two synonymous codon sets, this apparent trend could be explained parsimoniously by a general preference for a more stable phosphate linkage between the second-and thirdbase position in the codon, again suggesting a possible selective constraint, acting outside of protein and perhaps acting on DNA flexibility via synonymous sites".
Then [16], one of the most recent ones to-date, by quoting my work on the frequency of usage of codons in humans [4] states in an interesting way: "The most decisive codons for the (RSCU: Relative Synonymous Codon Usage frequency) algorithm were the ones, which were least commonly found in non-viral sequences.
It also suggests that the frequency of usage of these particular codons is different in viral and non-viral genome, which in turn hints at different biological characteristics of viral sequences"; again, and to reach that interesting conclusion, while quoting my work they declared: "RSCU values for six (viral) codons (TCG (Ser), CGC (Arg), CGA (Arg), GCG (Ala), GTA(Val) and CCG(Pro)) were the most influential in the classification model. In the human genome, none of these 6 codons are frequently used". The other recent one [17] quoting me in the same article [4], and in the same  Then, one of the impressive results, methodologically speaking, based on another of my 3-D works, in this case the 3-C culture of human cells [18] is the next one [19], declaring at the end that: "This study introduced an assay for vasoactive using magnetic 3D bioprinting. These rings structurally and functionally mimic key facets of vasoactive blood vessel segments… consistent with known vasoactive responses…", "…to high-throughput and high-content screening and may help overcome the limitations of existing ex vivo assessments of vascular contraction. This assay will aid in the reduction of animal use in labs studying vascular biology, a key tenant of the 3Rs principles (replacement, reduction, refinement)..." And just to conclude this discussion, from other of my related collaborations, we have the next one [20], which is quoted for the incursion into the highly delicate field of "Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)", that has no need of staining [21]; then, [22] has been recently quoted for [23], in relation to the regulation of cellular calcification.
While my most quoted first author paper is [24], which "Scopus" says that has been quoted thus far by 52 other papers, but Google Scholar says that including non-indexed documents, such as Thesis and others, the number reaches to 80), being some of the recent ones the next one [25], for another experimental innovation, where our work is supporting their "GO (Gene Ontology) Module Obesity is known to impair the immune function and cellmediated responses. The immune cells may infiltrate or populate in adipose tissue and promote a low-grade chronic inflammation, which represents the body's major initial defense mechanism responding to injury or infection". Plus, another recent one [26], saying according to my article [11]: "amino acid and codon stability can be mutually favoring genomic activities", talking about variation in the mitochondrial diversity: "Long-range nucleotide cooccurrences have a large effect on genomic diversity. Most notably, codon motifs apparently underpinned the preferences among codon positions"; and most recently, book citations regarding my works on some of my 3D representations of the genetic code as theory [27] and on developing the methodology for the athero 3D culture of Human VSMC as practice [28].

Conclusion
It has been possible in this article to reduce the genetic code Having concluded that many times (not all the times, but so many times) the peer-reviewers are just rats attempting to block the progress of researchers dissenting with their financial interests based on their paradigms that for them are more important than the truth, and I demonstrated this in [1] when some of them advised that my work should be forbidden from publishing, this time I send this in the way that everybody who sees my work can be its peer.