Determining the Effective Role of Chapattis Prepared from Composite Flour Against Lipid Profile of Experimental Subjects

The current study was used to examine and assess the role of prepared chapattis against lipid profile of human subjects. Considering lipid profile of subjects, mean values of low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in normal subjects were 105.65±6.55, 38.35±2.31, 116.79±7.66 and 165.75±10.43 mg/dL in comparison with subjects (consumed chapattis) 98.94±8.17, 43.16±2.64, 111.03±10.71 and 146.34±15.1 mg/dL accordingly. Similarly, low density lipoprotein concentrations (normal subjects) were enhanced from 103.21±6.39 (0 days) to 106.53±6.59 (30 days) mg/dL in N0 whereas consumption of selected composite flour chapatti group (N1) significantly lowered the LDL level from 104.33±6.46 to 91.33±5.65 mg/dL in same intervals. Moreover, values for high density lipoprotein levels were recorded as 38.70±2.40, 38.35±2.38, 38.00±2.36 mg/dL on 0, 15 and 30 days intervals respectively in normal subjects of control group whilst consumption of selected composite flour chapatti group (N1) exhibited significant increment in high density lipoprotein concentrations from 42.95±2.66 to 43.90±2.72 mg/dL. Conclusively, it was found that prepared chapattis from composite flour have been found effective against lipid profile of human subjects.


Introduction
Cereals belong to the family Gramineae and grown for their highly nutritious edible part or grain and frequently referred as grains [1]. Cereals have been consumed directly as staple foods and indirectly as feed for livestock long ago. They are considered as important food sources [2] and foods made of cereals are supposed to be a primary energy source, vitamin B and protein, minerals for the population globally. These crops are grown throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world and full fil the approximately fifty percent food energy requirements of population. Cereals in form of wheat, rice, maize, barley are significant source of minerals and bioactive compounds to dire human requirements [3]. Among cereals, wheat (Triticum aestivum) belongs to family gramineae and is considered second only to rice as the main human food crop [4]. In terms of nutrition, there are multiple research data which indicate the consumption of fiber-based foods are significantly associated with reduction in prevalence of chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular complications, obesity, different types of cancers, and diabetes. Combination of different nutrients in wheat flour imparts multiple health perspectives.
Several studies indicate that consumption of dietary fibers reduced the weight gain and obesity incidence whereas fiber utilization is also enhanced the satiety and lowered the energy intake [5].
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) prevents from cardiovascular disorder via decreasing the cholesterol concentrations and improving the glucose tolerance [6]. The higher level of cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein, free fatty acids, and decline level of the total body pool of cholesterol [8]. The chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) is cultivated in different regions of the world as important grain legume crop.
Moreover, dietary fiber in chickpea significantly lowers the cholesterol level and also contains a variety of anti-nutritional factors (ANF) including amylase and protease inhibitors. Diabetes is a chronic global disease burden affecting a large segment of population, worldwide. Various mechanisms have been involved in the progression of this human syndrome, such as pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, higher concentrations of free fatty acids, insulin resistance, leading to overproduction of reactive oxygen species, as well as pancreatic β-cell deficiency and apoptosis. The diabetes is promoted the cardiovascular disease which is linked with hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension [9]. Chickpea exhibit hypocholesterolemic effect through multiple mechanisms such as suppression of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels, triglycerides, enhancement in high density lipoprotein, and inhibition of intestinal absorption of cholesterol [10]. The administration of wheat bran in diabetic volunteers caused momentous reduction in serum glycosylated protein levels, lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated albumin levels, and serum lipids levels as well as also decreased the concentrations of blood glucose [11].

Procurement of Raw Materials
For research purpose, three types of whole grains (Wheat, Barley, Chickpea) were procured from local market, Faisalabad and then were sifted and cleaned to remove dust, dirt, stalks, and any other undesired materials. The cleaned grains were prepared composite flour to make chapattis (weighed 100±2g). Different types of chapattis were prepared from composite flour by using the different concentrations of cereal grains. On the basis of overall acceptability, glycemic index and glycemic load, T3 was used for further analysis.

Selection Criteria
Normal and hyperglycemic individuals with renal failure and other serious dysfunctions of any major organ were not included in the study.

Bio-Efficacy Studies
In bio-efficacy trials, two parallel studies i.e. normal (study 1) and hyperglycemic (study 2) were conducted each comprising of two groups as described in Tables 1 & 3. Each group comprised of 10 subjects. The human efficacy trial continued for thirty days and blood samples of the participants were collected for biochemical assays at fortnightly basis. Triglyceride: Triglycerides levels were checked by (GPO-PAP) methods [12].
Cholesterol: Cholesterol levels were measured using CHOD-PAP method as mentioned by Kim et al. [12].

Statistical Analysis
All data regarding end parameters were assessed using ANOVA.
To check the level of significance, two factors factorial under completely randomized design was used. For post hoc comparison, least significant difference test was performed [14].

Discussion
The subjects [15,16]. In another study conducted by Crujeiras and their co-workers [15], they determined that administration of chickpeabased pulse diet-fed diet significantly lowered the total cholesterol from 215 to 182 mg/dl in experimental subjects [15]. Fiber from chickpea flour exerts hypocholesterolaemic effect via suppressing the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver through fiber fermentation products such as propionate, butyrate, and acetate.
These short chain fatty acids suppress the cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis through suppressing the acetate (provides acetyl-CoA) utilization [17]. Moreover, in another study reported that supplementation of chickpea diet to healthy male 'Sprague-Dawley' rats and showed significant reductions in low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and enhancement in high density lipoproteins [18]. Likewise, diets enriched peas (46-62%) and chickpea (49-65·4%) supplemented to Sprague-Dawley' rats and lowered the levels of plasma cholesterol [19].  Table 2) as compared to the control [22]. Similarly, in another study, wheat and finger millet flour administration to human has been reported to lower the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins as well as also enhanced the levels of high-density lipoproteins, respectively. In conclusion, flour has been found significant hypoglycemic agent in human and experimental animals [23]. The previous investigations of Yang and their colleagues, they found that chickpea flour has significant effect on visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance of experimental volunteers. Experimental subjects were divided into three groups including control group, high fat supplemented diet group, and high fat plus chickpea flour enriched group for 8 months.
They investigated that high fat administrated rats (0·032± 0·004 g/g) showed higher epididymal fat pad weight v. total body weight as compared to control fed diet rats (0·015±0·006g/g) and smaller in high fat plus chickpea flour supplemented rats activity in hepatic TAG lipase and epididymal adipose tissue in liver observed as 23 and 40 % whereas chickpea supplementation to rats were normalized these levels. In addition, chickpea flour also showed reduction in leptin and LPL mRNA content in epididymal adipose tissue [24]. In hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, supplementation of soy protein contained 150g isoflavones for 10 weeks prevented from the cardiovascular disorders through decreasing the concentrations of low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, cholesterol and showed high density lipoproteins & paraoxonase activity increment [25].
The earlier findings of Jenkin and their colleagues, they explicated that high based diet from wheat has been found effective in hyperlipidemic men and women. They found that high protein diet administrated to hyperlipidemic men and women and caused significant reductions in serum LDL oxidation, triglycerides, cholesterol and enhancement in high density lipoproteins, respectively. In addition, high consumption of fruits and vegetables are significant linked with prevention from the cardiovascular risks [26].

Conclusion
Cereals are promising source of bioactive compounds such as dietary fibers, ferulic acid, coumaric acid, and phytonutrients.
These compounds have been found as chemo-preventive agent against various human maladies such as cancer insurance, diabetes complications, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, and oxidative stress. Composite flour is due to the presence of glucan that prevent from the hypercholesterolemia through lowering the low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and enhancing the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein.