The Relative Contribution of Spiritual Intelligence in the Adherence to Research Ethical Standards

In the present, the studies of psychology have moved steadily towards positive psychology in their study of positive experiences and characteristics in human personality such as happiness, optimism, self-organization, personal competence, hope, forgiveness, emotional intelligence, and spiritual intelligence. This age requires a human being with the physical, psychological, educational and spiritual qualities and abilities that enable them to live in happiness and peace and enable them to overcome the negative stress that whispers inside, the orientation towards ourselves, life, and others. The human mind is designed by the almighty creator to avoid hardship, pain, tension and stress, and to strive for a sense of comfort and tranquility. This is why we are motivated to improve our physical, emotional, psychological and spiritual abilities and commit ourselves to the best of our potential and energy, especially in this area of successive changes in all aspects of life and in different branches of science and spiritual intelligence vital to all persons particularly for academic researchers. Scientific research is the cornerstone of the university’s accreditation as a productive institution and one of the quality indicators. There is no doubt that the importance of scientific research in our lives to achieve the welfare of society and the health of individuals. Scientific research is an investigation of a survey, empirical or descriptive nature led by a question, and hypothesis. Received: June 08, 2019 Published: June 14, 2019

This study aimed to determine the level of spiritual intelligence and adherence to the research ethical standards among academic researchers, and to reveal the relative contribution of spiritual intelligence in predicting adherence to the research ethical standards, as well as to identify the differences in both spiritual intelligence and adherence to the research ethical standards due to (gender, scientific degree) variables. The researchers selected a random sample of (203) of the academic researchers. Their ages ranged between (32-50) years. The researchers applied the scale of spiritual intelligence and the scale of adherence to the research ethical standards. The results showed that there was a low level of spiritual intelligence, but it found an average level of adherence to the research ethical standards. Also, there were statistically significant differences (0.05) among the mean scores in spiritual presence and spiritual intelligence due to gender in favor of females, but not found a statistically significant differences in spiritual mindfulness, spiritual abilities and adherence to the research ethical standards. The results also found statistically significant differences in spiritual mindfulness, spiritual abilities and adherence to the research ethical standards due to scientific degree in favor of professor's researches. The results of the simple regression analysis also indicated that spiritual intelligence is a significant and powerful indicator of adherence to the research ethical standards.

Scientific research includes any intellectual or creative work
published, presented, displayed or performed in written, spoken, electronic, visual or other media. Scientific research is of great importance in achieving progress and excellence at all levels through its foundations, methods, tools and methodology that help to solve problems in any field of life. Thus, any society that seeks progress and wishes to achieve intellectual and social renaissance must be interested in scientific research as a source of knowledge Ibrahim [1]. University research is subject to policies and practices that ensure the protection of research participants and researchers.
These policies and practices cover research involving humans, the use of animals, controlled goods, hazardous materials, etc., in order to achieve the integrity of scientific research, which is the reliability of research resulting from the safety of methods, the genuineness and accuracy of its results. Thus, the concept of scientific research emphasizes the need to use scientific methodology. But the question here is: Is scientific methodology alone enough to raise the value of research and its importance? There is no doubt that scientific methodology alone is not enough to judge the value of research. In addition, the researcher must be committed to ethics in the various steps of the research, so that its results are valuable and useful to society and accepted by individuals and various institutions concerned with scientific research.

Ethics and Integrity of Scientific Research
The integrity of scientific researches refers to honest commitment to relevant ethical, disciplinary and financial standards in the promotion, design, conduct, evaluation and participation of research. It includes several principles:  [4,5].
The integrity of scientific research is a prerequisite for those who work in all fields. Integrity is absent when the researcher is involved in the distortion or falsification of data or scientific plagiarism and thefts. Awad [6]   Scientific research is suffering from overcrowding in the Arab libraries with a declining scientific production. This decline is due to the lack of originality, where there is no independence of realistic thought, the spread of scientific thefts, and the violation of the curriculum and its origins [11]. There are three objectives of the adherence to ethics of scientific research, the first and most important objective: is to protect human participants. The second objective is to ensure that research is carried out in a way that serves the interests of individuals, groups or society. Finally, the third objective is to study specific research activities and projects in order to ensure ethical integrity, and to consider issues such as risk management, confidentiality protection and informed consent process [9]. To fos- can cause significant harm to society and its members [14]. This is confirmed by an analytical descriptive study by Fawaz [15] titled "Ethics of Scientific Research". The results revealed that research that contributes to the service of humanity, it is necessary to pay attention to the moral aspect and evaluate it. In the same way, the study of Arnout [16] found that the level of adherence to research ethics among researchers in educational science was low.

Spiritual Intelligence
James began to pay attention to the spiritual aspect and its role in solving life problems and giving value and meaning to life. He published his book "Variety of spiritual intelligence". He assumed that the spiritual aspect makes human life meaningful, makes its use logical behavior and is committed to life, He also makes his relationship to others based on faith, and thus the individual has a positive attitude towards others and towards the whole of humanity [17]. Individual possesses mental and emotional ability, and besides these abilities there is a third capacity of great importance given by his humanity is spiritual capacity, and this ability is measurable, such as mental and emotional ability. In the review of the theoretical heritage written in spiritual intelligence, there are two perspectives regarding the nature of spiritual intelligence and its components in the individual. The first is that it is a human ability that generates a person and can be developed. Among the scientists belonging to this perspective are [18][19][20][21][22][23] and the second view that spiritual intelligence is a skill and one of those who followed this attitude is Wigglesworth [24]. Based on these two perspectives, several scales of spiritual intelligence were proposed, whether as ability or skill.

The importance of spiritual intelligence:
Spiritual intelligence is important to individuals; Costello [25]

The component of spiritual intelligence
King [23] noted that spiritual intelligence is capable, and b. The production of personal meaning or production includes the ability of the person to integrate his physical and mental experiences with personal meaning, which leads to increased satisfaction. As well, Arnout [27] proposed three dimensions consisting of spiritual intelligence:

a) First Dimension: Spiritual Mindfulness
It refers to the individual's awareness of realism and strong presence in different situations, understanding the ideas and behavior of others, as well as the recognition of the links between different things in the surrounding universe, making it easier to adapt to the changes of life and developments.

b) Second dimension: Spiritual Abilities
The ability to be open to others and to establish good social relations as well as the ability to re-frame the situation, allowing him to be in harmony with himself and others, and the formation of a positive trend towards Himself and the world around him.

c) Third Dimension: Spiritual Presence
It means that the individual enjoys a good appearance and a balanced physical language that indicates self-confidence, personal attractiveness and lightness, and the love, acceptance and tolerance of others, as well as cooperation and partnership with them, allowing him to form good relations and resolve differences.
There has been a growing interest in studying the spiritual intelligence of different groups, students, workers, administrators, ordinary people and people with special needs. However, research has not been directed to study the spiritual intelligence of researchers, despite the importance of this variable for this category that leads the development of societies. Ahmad (2004) pointed out that Spiritual intelligence is the basic method of knowledge.
We use it to visualize unrealized possibilities or to transcend stereotypes of life. We also use it to understand pain, to answer philosophical questions about life, and to create meaning in real or existential terms. Spiritual intelligence is therefore a center and source of guidance for other human scents, a compass destined for life. Therefore, we must pay attention to our spiritual intelligence and develop it. The interest of those who will die tomorrow, and the interest in physical intelligence, is the attention of those who suffered a heart attack yesterday and have been saved by God.
The interest in social intelligence is the concern of those who know that others will care about everything he says to them. Of information that will expire two years later. If we notice the seven things that according to Gandhi will destroy us: wealth without work, unscrupulous pleasure, knowledge without character, trade without ethics, science without humanity, worship without sacrifice, policy without principles. It is the ego at the expense of everyone and without regard to anyone, we will without doubt realize the importance of spiritual intelligence in our world today (Covey, 2000). Spiritual intelligence, in the words of Vaughan [28], is more than an individual mentality. It connects the person with the God and the self in spirit. Spiritual intelligence transcends traditional psychological growth. It opens the heart, illuminates the mind and inspires the spirit, enables man to distinguish between reality and fantasy, and to discover the hidden springs of love and joy under pressure and daily life problems, and to see things as they are away from unconscious distortion. Express it through any culture as love, wisdom and service. Joseph [29] adds that spiritual intelligence can be seen in the light of a sense of purpose, trust, empathy, harmony with nature, and a sense of well-being, whether alone or in a group.
Several studies have been conducted on spiritual intelligence.
Including the study of Amram and Drier [22] on different age groups from age 18 to 65 and above, the results of the study found that spiritual intelligence increases with age. Arnout [30] conducted a study to detect the relationship of spiritual intelligence to the five major personality factors of university students and staff, the results indicated that there are differences in spirit intelligence due to age, older age was higher in spiritual intelligence, there were also differences in spiritual intelligence between the males and females, and the differences were in favor of females. And Arnout [31] conducted another study to identify the relationship between spiritual intelligence and quality of life on a sample of employees of some government institutions, the results indicated differences in spiritual intelligence between the males and females and differences were in favor of females. Amrai et al. [32] conducted a study to identify the relationship between spiritual intelligence and personality traits on a sample of university students, the results found a relationship between spiritual intelligence and personality traits.
Beshlideh et al. [33] conducted a study targeting university students and found a relationship between spiritual intelligence and personality traits. Abadi [34] conduct a comparative study between fasting and non-fasting in spiritual intelligence and happiness, and results found that spiritual intelligence and happiness are high among fasting, the results of the study found that there are no statistically significant differences between males and females in spiritual intelligence, and the Arnout [27] study on a sample of high school students, university students and employees, results found that there are differences in spiritual intelligence between males and females in favor of females.
From these previous studies, researchers noted that the previous studies interested in spiritual intelligence among students and employees in different jobs, while there is no any interest in the study of spiritual intelligence among academic researchers.
Also, there is no any interest in studying the relationship between spiritual intelligence and the researchers adherence to the research standards although the importance of spiritual intelligence in shaping the personality of individuals as has shown by the results of the previous studies such as [32,34]. Therefore, the present study is a response for this shortcoming and as an attempt to identify the predictability of spiritual intelligence to adhere to the research ethical standards. The previous studies were conducted a few descriptive analytical studies on ethics scientific research and did not dealt with the researchers' spiritual intelligence and adherence to the ethics of scientific research, which is interested in the current study.

Objectives of the study
This study sought to examine whether spiritual intelligence can predict the scores of adherence to the research ethical standards, and to reveal the level of spiritual intelligence and adherence to the research ethical standards among researchers, and to detect the differences in both spiritual intelligence and adherence to the research ethical standards due to gender and scientific degree, as well as revealed the predictability of spiritual intelligence in the adherence to research ethical standards, in order to improve researches, the academic programs and for obtain institutional accreditation of universities.

Research Design
A cross sectional descriptive design was used to examine the predictability of spiritual intelligence to researchers' adherence to the research ethical standards.

Study Participants
A random sample was selected from the academic researchers in natural sciences (33), special education (13), psychology (38), social science (37), curriculum and teaching methods (34), administration and human resources (21), and applied language (17). The final sample of the study was (203) researchers, 111 of them were males and 92 females, were between the ages of (32 to 50) year. Of these, 106 were assistant professors, 43 were associate professors, while (54) of them were professors.

Study Instruments
Spiritual Intelligence: Spiritual intelligence was assessed using the scale of spiritual intelligence [16]. The 27-items scale SIS rates individual response on 4-point Likert scale 1= "rarely" and 4= "often" with higher scores indicates more spiritual intelligence. It  [16] had 60 items contained within each of the 6 dimensions, this has been reduced to 10 items per dimension. The validity and stability of this scale was verified.

Study Procedure
Ethical approval was obtained from research committee of the participants. The researchers sent an online link of the study tools to the study participants in their accounts in Research gate, Facebook and e-mail. They answered the question about their desire to participate in this study. The researchers emphasized that the study is an academic exercise and the data would be used only for the purpose of the study. Upon completing the measures, participants were debriefed and thanked for their participation.

Preliminary analyses included descriptive statistics, t-test, and
ANOVA for test differences after verified the normality of data in spiritual intelligence and adherence to search ethics (skew= 0.480, 0.354 and kurtosis= -0.830-, -0.558-) respectively.

Study Results
Results in Table1 indicated that the total score of spiritual intelligence was low with a mean of (55.473), which is less than the test value of (67.50) and a standard deviation of (16.551). The sub-dimensions of the spiritual intelligence were also low with means of (18.418, 18.438, and 18.616) which were also less than the test value (22.50) and a standard deviation of (5.779, 5.786, and 6.147).
The value of "t-test" for one independent group was statistically significant for the differences between the means and the theoretical means of the sub-dimensions as well as the total score. These results have been tested for significance at the level of 0.05. Results in Table 2 indicated that the total score of ethical standards for scientific research was average with a mean of (181.418), which is approximate to the test value of (18.0) and a standard deviation of (5.78). The value of "t-test" for one independent group was statistically significant for the differences between the means and the theoretical means of the total score.
These results have been tested for significance at the level of 0.05. Results showed in Table 3 indicated that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females in the spiritual presence and spiritual intelligence (0.047; 0.032) respectively, the differences were in favor of females. While there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females in spiritual mindfulness, spiritual abilities and adherence to ethical standards of scientific research scores.
These results have been tested for significance at the 0.05 level. The results in Tables 4-6 indicated that there were statistically significant differences in spiritual mindfulness, spiritual abilities, spiritual presence, spiritual intelligence, and adherence to ethical

Discussion
The findings of this study indicated that there was a low level  [27,30,31], but not compatible with results of Al-Rapia [35] study. This result may be due to the methods of socialization prevailing in the Arab society, which emphasizes the necessity of female commitment to ethics and rules or else subjected to deterrent punishment, and therefore the researchers increased their concern not to fall into scientific transgressions. This may also be due to the female personality traits and ways of thinking of a tendency to maintain the standards of society and traditions and customs for fear of punishment if they violated or erred.
The result of the study also indicated that the professors have high scores of spiritual intelligences and adhere to ethical standards than assistance and associate professors. The result may be due to   Success in academic activities for researchers requires a variety of linguistic, logical, mathematical, spatial, physical, motor and musical intelligences in relation to others, and inner personal intelligence. Piaget pointed out that intelligence is an aspect of an individual's adaptation to his environment; adjustment involves the interaction between two mental processes of assimilation and harmony [37,38]. Spiritual intelligence opens the academic researchers heart, illuminates their mind, enables them to distinguish between reality and fantasy in their studies, to discover the hidden happy and joy under stress of daily life and work, to see problems and Phenomena as they are away from unconscious distortion, and can be expressed through any culture as love, wisdom and service humanity. Thus, spiritual intelligence predicts to adherence to search standards among researchers, because the concept of spiritual intelligence is related to human nature or what we call instinct. The nature of man is spirituality, religiosity and goodness, and therefore this nature must be preserved to organize human life.
Also, commitment to worship as a way of life, and adherence to ethics that will sharpen the personality of man and strengthen the relationship between the servant and his Lord, and also between him and others, and to increase the awareness of the person and the

Conclusion and Recommendations
In summary, the present study examined the relative contribution of spiritual intelligence and adherence to ethical standards of scientific research. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of applied interventions designed to increase spiritual intelligence and adherence to ethical standards to bring about improved performance and quality of scientific researches.
Because the researchers in different scientific degree must be keen to adhere to ethical standards in research procedures, intellectual property rights and social responsibility, to supervise master's and doctoral students, to arbitrate and to participate in scientific discussions, as well as to respect the rights of colleagues and researchers, whether in individual or collective research with other colleagues.