Health and Environmental Impacts of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in the City of Kenge, DR Congo (2007 -2017)

This study aims hazing for assessment the extent to which human health can be compromised by reckless behavior of human being white, with regards to the disposal of e-wastes, including Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) wastes. Tea study Estimated entire 16 to 24 tons of e-wastes from teledu phones worm intend to the lies of Kenge about it. Besides, has 133.362 users their Phones Each year in this city, thus repre feels about 87 to 93% of the Total population holding entire 533,448 and 800.172 tele to 2007 phones from 2015, are finally qui f o u n d in the environment of this Kenge. The study also found heavy metals and toxic substances in EEE available components sed by Kenge residents, inevitably causes pollution and environment all deterioration in general, and food and water poisoning in particular. As a result, people’s health is endangered due to the Lack of an environmentally sound management (ESM) of wastes to Regulate the disposal of EEE wastes in the environment. There is a need for provincial authorities in the field of ESM program for managing e-wastes in the province in general and the city of Kenge in particular.


Introduction
Environmental issues and New Information and Communication Technologies (NICT) are at the forefront of international, regional and national chronicles. On the one hand, the world is shaken by global warming due to the emission of greenhouse gases Deforestation and waste, with as corollaries drought and pollution (Luwesi 2017).
On the other hand, the New Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are promising and revolutionist almost every aspect of human life [1]. These phenomena that are part of our reality, evolving in a dialectic that becomes their involvement in the physical well-being, social and economic population. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) revolution has been acclaimed as a social reference standard [2].
The e-waste program Africa of the Basel Convention notes that access to ICT has been identified as an indicator of the economic and social development of a country. "It was necessary to bite at all costs!" She said (Secretariat of the Convention Basel, 2012) [3].
However, like any two-sided medal, new technologies have always had their reverse, the revolution as not without perverse effects, like for u proliferation of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or ''third-waste'') years of the modern environment. This situation added was caused by unprecedented volumes of production and consumption of electronic products, especially personal computers, mobile phones and televisions and radio stations.
In some West African countries, antiquated EEEs are undergoing some form of basic recycling. However, several other parts of electronic waste cannot be managed properly and in occasion the accumulation of large volumes of hazardous waste in and around major rehabilitation centers [4]. In addition, some practices, such as open burning of cables and plastic parts, little Frit cause serious pollutant releases, that has the heavy metals and dioxins (Convention Secretariat Basel, 2012) [2]. The town of Kenge, which is situated years the province of Kwango, in DR Congo, does not escape this reality. It has become increasingly involved in the consumption of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), especially in the field of computing. The phenomenon WEEE must deserve special attention of researchers and social actors are as much as food, deforestation and erosion.
Unfortunately, studies are this kind are rare or even nonexistent. Thus, our study was guided by the following questions: can we establish between art e-waste and food, energy, water and health? The target population she knows and practice it ESM? If not, how is it doing business about the management of e-waste? What prevent be the health and environmental impacts related to e-waste management practices by local people? We trust that this study e will establish a link between e-waste and food, water, energy and health Kenge population in order to establish sound management systems of this specific waste stream to preserve the environment and the health of local communities.

Literature Paper
Since environmental change has been integrated into international policies and waste management has become an important component of environmental policies. This involves sorting, conditioning, collecting, transporting, storing, recycling, treating and disposing of waste, in addition to monitoring disposal sites (Minisanté 2015). In this regard, a substantial portion of utilized concepts inspired, sometimes very direct, of the Secretariat publication of the Basel Convention [2]. This document means waste, any substance that eliminates, or that intends to eliminate or is required to be eliminated under national laws (Secretariat of Basel Convention, 2012) [2].
The Electric and Electronic Equipment Waste (WEEE) are a category of waste defined by EU regulations as equipment using electric currents or electromagnetic fields, as well as production equipment, transfer and measurement of such currents and fields designed for use at a voltage not exceeding 1000 volts AC and 1500 volts DC [4]. The impacts of WEEE are legion in many areas of life and can be environmental, human and social consequences due to their export and treatment in an inappropriate way. In general, they little be grouped into six categories: soil and subsoil pollution, water contamination, contamination of air, the contamination of the food chain, the proliferation of the number of illegal landfills and the deterioration of working conditions. The pollution has soil and subsoil has consequences of nervous system disorders, slotting sometimes neuropsychiatric problems, coma, death and underdevelopment of the brain, especially in children. These effects lead to rural exodus and the formation of slums in underdeveloped countries, sometimes generating cybercrime resulting from the recovery of electronic data housed in WEEE [6]. The second category concerns the contamination of water by infiltration into the water table and into rivers and in turn, the damage to the blood system. This impact makes the working conditions difficult, sometimes resulting in informal work. not registered by the State following the rejection of the person from the formal sector [6].
The third category is related to the contamination of the air by toxic fuels and the toxic ash heap, the effects of greenhouse gas on the environment and health are no longer to be doubted as well as the damage of the reproductive system, in terms of hormonal disorders, infertility [7]. The fourth category consists of the contamination of the food chain of agricultural products causing, among other perverse effects, the involvement of the respiratory system characterized by cough, infection, suffocation, asthma [8].
The fifth category is the increased quantities of waste product s per capita over time thus causing a swarm of the number of illegal waste dumps in the world especially in Asia, South America and Africa, and exposing people to the kidneys, eyes, skin and bones.
Gossart quoted by ADEME [7] stigmatizes that more than 100,000 tons of electronic waste were officially exported by the countries of the European Union 2007 towards development in the country.
They suffer double trouble: not only are they the wrong side of the digital divide but import our digital hazardous waste that destroy their health and the environment [9].
Finally, the sixth category is linked to the deterioration of working conditions that have become bad and characterized by work accidents, stigmatization, harassment, the exploitation of employees by employers and, in most children [6]. These negative impacts of WEEE pose as risks likely to endanger human health, social and environmental conditions. They can however be mitigated or sufficiently reduced by management environmentally sound. The latter is a set of practical measures to ensure that these hazardous wastes or other wastes as managed so that guarantee has the protection of human health of the controlled environment harmful effect that can avoids this waste [2].
This management usually consists in treating the waste by absorption or by chemical means. The materials adsorption hold the mercury to the surface through various types of chemical forces such as of hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions and Van Der Waals forces. The capacity of this adsorption depends on surface area, porosity and surface chemistry [10]. Among the adsorption materials, mention may be made of activated carbon and zeolite. Mercury and other heavy metals as well as organic substances adsorb to activated carbon (Bansal, 2005). The killed cost waste elemental mercury and mercury-containing waste are or contaminated with mercury are treated chemically, more main by the chemical conversion to mercury sulphide and amalgamation, c 'is to D are forming a solid alloy with suitable metals [11].
According to Directive 2002/96/EC, WEEE can be classified into 10 categories. The first includes major appliances such as oven, hob. The second concerns small household appliances such as the coffee maker, the radio. The third is related to computer and telecommunications equipment. The fourth touches the material of the general public like the camcorder or television. The fifth category is the cell lighting equipment, except domestic lighting and incandescent lamps, which are subject to Articles 4 and 5 of Decree No 2005-829 of 20 July 2005 [12]. The sixth includes electrical and electronic tools, except for large fixed industrial tools.
The seventh includes toys, and Equipements leisure and sport. The eighth relates to medical devices, except for implanted or infected products. The ninth category relates to monitoring and control instruments. The tenth is that vending machines [13]. Our study at focused on these categories of WEEE.

Field of Study
The town of Kenge, capital of Kwango Province in DR Congo, is located at 5°S latitude, 17°East longitude and at an average elevation of 555 m above sea level [13]. It is in the tropical humid

Calculation of the Total Number of Respondents to Collect:
We calculated the sample size according to them error rage option for estimates of population overall (National Contact Center Statistics Canada, 2010) and requested an estimate with a margin of error of ± 0.05 (5%) and a 95% confidence level for the city of Kenge as a whole. As an estimation PRELI miner the proportion is not available during the we suppose that P = 0, and u 5 n D response rate of at least 50% is expected, or rather desired (Equations 1,2,3 and 4). a) Calculation of the initial sample size, n 1 : Or, Z, is the critical value at the confidence level of 1-α, here equal to 95%; α is the threshold of the error, here it is equal to 5%; P, the proportion of individuals in the sample to be taken; and, n 1 , the raw size of the sample.
b) Calculation of the size of the modified sample, n 2 : N, represents the size of the population; n 1 , raw sample size; and, n 2 , corrected sample size considering the size of the population, here, the populational of city of Kenge (Table 1).

Per Neighborhood
At this level, we used the stratified sampling technique, the strata of which are the 15 neighborhoods in the Kenge City with a sampling fraction Or, f, the sampling fraction whose results are presented in Table 1; n, the sample size; and, N the size of the population.

Plots and People to Investigate
According to an empirical inking, we agreed to investigate a person per plot, and, for this, it was necessary to calculate the at: The confidence interval of a proportion the 1% risk threshold is represented by Equation 8: Where,

Presentation of Results
This study consisted of:

WEEE Production
This involved identifying the users of EEE likely to be producers That is to say that in the entire population of the city of Kenge, it is likely that an individual has 6 to 8 phones (at 1% significance level).
Furthermore, there is a 99% probability to see 76 to 84% of these phones be converted to e-waste, or 4 to 6 phones out of 7 in ten years.

Knowledge of Pre and Social Practices of E-Waste Management
Based on the survey data analyzed, if we assume that the Kenge population is environmentally sound, there would be a smaller probability than 0.0005 (i.e. less than 5 chances in 10000) that we obtain a sample such as which was (see meaning within the hatched box   in any case, there is only less than 5 chances out of 10,000 ( Table   2) that this is true at the degree of freedom 4 and the thresholds 5% and 1%. Otherwise, there is no link between their e-waste management practices and the knowledge of GER; it is that the GER does not influence these local management practices of e-waste (Table 3).

Health and Environmental Impacts of E-Waste
About the impacts of e-waste, we looked to the negative impacts of e-waste, and the level of knowledge of the population about the risks to health and the environment. It appears from the crude that only 18.5% of respondents had to recall the fact that e-waste makes have dirty media; 81.5% reported no negative impact ( Figure 4) and (Table 4).  The difference is therefore highly significant: We reject the null hypothesis that the population of the city of Kenge knows the risks of e-waste. That's why they took options to give children to use as toys, or to pile them with other waste and burn them in the fire, or to bury them in the ground or to throw them away. anywhere that may prove to be dangerous methods.

Substances Health effects Current Presence in DEEs
Brominated flame retardants Although they are less studied than polycyclic chlorine derivatives, their toxicity is likely to be close to them, so they are suspected of having endocrine, neurotoxic and toxic properties for reproduction.

Printed circuit board, connectors, plastic coatings, cables
Cadmium and its compounds The toxicity depends in particular on the solubility of the compounds. Some are classified toxic (inhalation and ingestion). Carcinogens (category 2*); mutagenic (cat.2*) and toxic for reproduction (fertility and development / (cat.2*) after inhalation of toxic effects may be observed on kidneys and bones (demineralization) as well as bronchial and prostatic cancers.
Printed Circuit Board Components, Cathode Ray Tubes, PVC Stabilizers

Lead and its inorganic compounds
Lead compounds are classified as harmful by inhalation and ingestion, accumulating in the body and toxic to reproduction (fertility and development, Cat 1*).
Soldering of printed circuit boards, Glass components of cathode ray tubes, These compounds exert their effects on many organs including the blood, the nervous system and the kidneys. Carcinogenic effects are also suspected.

Nickel and its compounds
Some nickel compounds are classified as allergenic for the skin and carcinogenic by inhalation. The effects depend in part on their solubility. They cause skin allergies. Rhinitis and asthma. Cancers of the sinuses and bronchi are also described in some in some uses.

Mercury and its inorganic compounds
Mercury is classified as toxic by inhalation. It accumulates in the body.
The effects of repeated exposure are primarily related to the nervous system.

Sensors, Relays and Switches, Fluorescent Lamps
Beryllium and its compounds They are classified as very toxic by inhalation and toxic by ingestion, irritants for the skin, the eyes and the respiratory and cutaneous allergenic ways. Finally, they are classified as carcinogenic by inhalation (category 2*). Even with very little consultation they can cause serious damage to the bronchi and lungs of allergic and / or irritative origin (berylliosis).

Motherboards printed circuit board connectors, monitors
Relay Switches, X-ray tube windows

WEEE Production
All the waste mentioned here comes from households. There is no data on the exact quantity of e-waste on the configuration of our

Management
The concern was whether the population of the study area was aware of what was meant by environmentally sound management (ESM), and what they were doing with e-waste (social practices).
To this end, 84.9% of respondents admitted that they did not know about Ecologically Rational Management, compared to 15.1% who knew it. As for the social practices vise versa e-waste most investigated declares throw e-waste anywhere (70.9%). However, 11.1% sell spare parts to repairers, 7.6% flush them into the ground, 6.0% give them to children to use as toys and 4.4% burn them to the fire (4%).

Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of E-Waste
Most respondents in Kenge City believe that there is no danger from e-waste (81.5%) and still others think that they simply make the environment dirty. As the situation arises, we can assume then that the population of the city of Kenge knows the risks of e-waste.
It should also be noted that the population of the city of Kenge in particular, as noted by Alainet [18] for the African continent, is thus exposed to the environmental and public health concerns that may be generated by electronic waste. Because, once built, a computer [for example] contains lead, cyanide, and other substances harmful to the environment (Cordier, 2003). Screens contain many substances: lead and heavy metals, such as barium, strontium and sometimes zirconium. These dangerous chemical substances generate a high pollution and health risks for [the one] who handles them. However, Silicon Valley Toxic [19] quoted by Lassalle [20], notes that during its useful life, a treatment informatic poses General not problem of mission of toxic substances. As electronic waste by against these teammates are potential hyphenation many after toxicants if the management of the end of life of these Equipment is not assure adequate.
Thus, with the exception of the practice of selling spare parts to the repairer (11.1%), which may pose less risk, it goes without saying that the practice of burning with fire (4.4%) opted for the population of the town of Kenge is not without danger of pollution of the atmosphere, as Potelle justifies it (year) , says Lassalle [20], noting that certain practices , for example in case of incineration at insufficiently high temperature, brominated flame retardants produce dioxins and furans [21]. And, however, giving WEEE to children to use as a toy (6.0%) is another common practice of the population of the Kenge city even though Alainet [18] makes a disturbing remark when it states that exposure to lead and mercury in children and pregnant women is of concern. Even at low levels of exposure these metals are extremely toxic. Moreover, this mania, or rather this carelessness, of the population of the city of Kenge to throw the e-waste anywhere (70.9%), or to bury them in the ground (7.6%), is yet another problem that is not referring to [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].
This seemingly innocuous behavior is fraught with consequences, and in the light of the analysis, this population is unaware of the nature, toxicity and impacts, or negative effects on their health. Yet Lassalle [20] EMPHASISI does the toxicity of some natures EEE component products such as electronic cards used for the understanding of the device, are made of copper, epoxy resin (thermosetting plastic) and fiber glass on which electronic components are soldered and which contain silicon and many other components in like arsenic, gallium, germanium, antimony and welding. is a mixture of tin and lead, chemicals that are still unknown to the Kenge population? [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].
And yet, incineration and burial in the ground are common practices as methods of management of WEEE by residents of the city of Kenge, gold Potelle [21] notes that the inadequate treatment  brut-whose end of each carries many absorbent hairs which are extensions of the superficial cells, thanks to which this absorption is done so that these toxic substances are accumulated in the plant, or in some of its organs to like leaves, fruits, roots, bark.
However, to store the calorific energy useful for its functions, man must feed on plants or animals. However, the contamination of humans is through its permanent exposure to the toxic substance, in the atmosphere for example, or its position in the food chain: it can ingest toxic substances by directly consuming the plant that has accumulated toxic substances. toxic substances, or indirectly by eating an animal that has consumed this plant. Or, it can be contaminated by drinking, or by using for its cooking, water from the groundwater or contaminated surface water. At final, man risks of many diseases from these e-waste (Table 5).

Conclusion and Recommendations
The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the link be-