Evaluation of the Efficacy of Phytochemical Treatment of Surface Waters Based on Powder Extracts of Almond Seeds Moringa Oleifera Lam in kenge, DRC

Rural and Periurban Populations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Therefore, many people are supposed to be drinking, even though no chemical testing has been undertaken to testify it. This is the cause of several water borne diseases and children. This study sampled six sources of water in the city of Kenge. These samples were treated with the help of Moringa Oleifera Lam seeds to check the effectiveness and evaluate the antibacterial activity of this phytochemical treatment. Physicochemical qualities of this water were retrieved from a multi-parameter analyzer 340i. The bacterial enumeration was carried out by the technique of incorporation of water in a solid medium. Amounts of almond of M. Oleifera Lam seed have been used in this treatment. It is clear that M. Oleifera Lam reaches areas of inhibition of about 21, 16 and 10 mm for the bacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli, respectively. These results consolidate the fact that M. Oleifera Lam is a pharmacy-tree and a tree of life that can prevent water-borne diseases when added to water.


Summary
In rural and peri-urban areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), populations are particularly confronted with serious problems of drinking water supply. As a result, people rely on drinking water sources that no chemical test has proven. The latter is at the root of several deadly water diseases in both children and adults. In this study, the surface waters of the City of Kenge were treated with almond seed powder from Moringa Oleifera Lam to test its effectiveness and evaluate its antibacterial activity. The physicochemical qualities of these waters were determined using a 340i multi-parameter analyzer. Bacterial enumeration was performed by the technique of incorporating water into a solid medium. Almond seed doses of M. Oleifera Lam were used as physical means to evaluate efficacy. The results obtained show that a zone of inhibition of bacterial activity of the order of 21 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 16 mm for Salmonella typhi and 10 mm for Escherichia coli, on average. This confirms the virtues of the antibacterial activity of Mr. Oleifera Lam, which is also nicknamed "plant-pharmacy" or "tree of life", when this plant is added to water.
bacterial and viral diseases of poisoning and sanitary disorders, especially since it can carry all kinds of inert and living substances, some may be harmful to the human body [1,2] (WHO 2006). Thus, if the water resources are poorly managed, the lack of drinkability or the toxicity of the water can lead to a degradation of the human health and to the decrease of the yields of the populations, and this because of the infections induced by the consumption contaminated drinking water. These problems are at the root of the vulnerability of development due to waterborne diseases in some areas of the world ( Figure 1). As a result, people rely on drinking water sources to satisfy their daily needs, without any chemical test attesting to the drinkability of these waters. This practice is at the root of many deadly waterborne diseases in both children and adults. Hence the need for a study to both evaluate the potability of water and the effectiveness of an ingenious or biochemical treatment that would be within reach of poor Kenge households in order to improve the quality of water.
drinking water supply in rural and peri-urban areas. This study aims specifically to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological (bacteriological) quality of water sources. This will be mainly to determine the effective dose of drinking water treatment based on almond powder extracts from the seeds of Moringa Oleifera Lam.
Subsequently, a chemical screening will measure the effect of the antibacterial activity of the almond powder of this plant.

Servicing and Drinking Water Management System in Kenge
The City of Kenge has water supply infrastructures whose management is exclusively granted to REGIDESO, without any legal mechanism of professional, associative and community controls being involved (Figure 2). A recent study found that the majority of respondents (45.5%) did not know that they had the right to be involved in managing the water supply in the study area. This was mainly explained by the centralist policies of water supply and sanitation existing since colonial times, the low awareness and dissemination of information on the recent decentralization of the water sector, the failure of village projects -assaini, school-sanitized and university-sanitized, as well as a low level of education of most respondents [3]. It is important to note that, the absence of a public-private partnership at REGIDESO level and the virtual failure of community management of drinking water supply systems in rural areas (village-sanitation projects and school-sanitation) are the basis for continued water rationing for affected populations and the low coverage of water supply estimated at about 34% between 2010 and 2015, while access to improved sources of drinking water has, in some cases, reached about 57% in rural areas and 61% in peri-urban areas in 2015 [3]. Thus, the vast majority of the population gets their supplies of any water that is easily and freely accessible from unprotected sources (freshwater sources, open wells, rivers and other surface water bodies). However, stagnant rain and swamps are used for purposes other than human consumption (beverage and cooking). Needless to say, water supply systems are critical and critical for social well-being, economic production and growth, and environmental sustainability in all countries [4]. As the human population grows, the water supply is threatened both in quality and quantity because of the high demands on energy, irrigation and industrial production [5]. The urban demand for irrigation and the drainage of municipal and industrial wastewaters start the quality of fresh water available in the wild for human and animal consumption. These contaminated waters pollute rivers and threaten ecosystems. Hence the need for integrated management of water resources in all their different uses, according to socio-economic and environmental objectives, including the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [6]. This means that the Congolese government will consciously have to include water resources development in its agenda while placing particular emphasis on collective control over available resources and monitoring the quality of drinking water so as to ensure a systematic allocation of water resources. equitable for all for their sustainable (long-term) use by future generations [7] (UNEP and WHO, 2011).

Monitoring the Quality of Drinking Water
Water quality monitoring studies aim to explain the inherent and apparent optical properties of specific particles in a water body, including turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fluoride, temperature, the potential of hydrogen (pH) as well as the presence of algae and microbes (bacteria and viruses). These suspended or dissolved particles in water determine these inherent physical and chemical, biological, and optical properties that are a guarantee of water quality [8].

Monitoring the Physical and Chemical Properties of Wa-
ter: Long-term monitoring of water quality is the standard and observed measurement in aquatic environments of the state and trends in physical, chemical, biological and optical properties of water. In fact, the quality of water determines its "potability" according to the precise objectives of water production, thanks to the quality biochemical tests (WHO, 1986(WHO, , 2004. These provide the necessary information on the health and drinking water storage capacity of rivers over a period of time to detect changes in water quality [7,9]. Monitoring of standards such as those issued by WHO allows monitoring of this water quality in springs and taps to detect biological and chemical threats that define the boundary conditions for subsequent treatment of water supply as well as early warning measures deemed necessary in case of unexpected contamination (WHO, 2003). For example, water quality monitoring is a programmed process of sampling, measuring and recording and / or signaling various water features in order to assess water quality ( Figure 3). and detritus, as well as mineral particles from sediments. erosion [10,11]. Their optical behavior and the combined attenuations of all other constituents of water are described by the inherent optical properties (IOP) of water, which define the diffusion and absorption of light in aquatic environments. This alteration of visible light can be spatially controlled and used for monitoring water quality, monitoring biological events such as eutrophication and sediment transport to plan dredging activities. water and water treatment [8]. In addition, water quality monitoring using remote sensing combined with biochemical quality testing of strategic samples collected in situ can play a crucial role in determining the current status of water quality conditions. water in an aquatic ecosystem. It can anticipate, mitigate and even avoid future water disasters [12].

Description of the Study Environment
The City of Kenge is the capital of Kwango Province. It is located at 5° S latitude, 17° East longitude, and an average elevation of 555 m above sea level [13].The city was built as a relay city between

Research Materials
The plant material used for our study consisted of almonds of Moringa oleifera seeds harvested from the Kenge Savannah.
The latter were dried at 40° C in a Memmert brand oven and crushed using a mortar and pestle to obtain the powder that was

Research Methods
This study is naturally based on an experimentation of the Moringa Oleifera Lam virtues for the treatment of spring water in the City of Kenge and its surroundings. Measurements of temperature, salinity, conductivity, hydrogen potential (pH) and dissolved oxygen (O 2 ) were taken at each site using a 340i Multi-parameter analyzer. Chemical screening has identified different chemical and microbiological groups. The chemical analyzes were made from the aqueous and organic phases using the techniques used by Pareck [15]. It consisted mainly of descriptive statistics of the physical and biochemical properties of previously measured treatments, including temperature, conductivity, hydrogen potential (pH) and dissolved oxygen, NO3-, CO-, HCO3-, SO32 -, PO43-, total hardness, Cl-, Alkalinity, TΔs, and salinity. Then, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was tested at 5% significance level (P <0.05) using MSTAT-C Software [16]. ANOVA was used to estimate significant levels of water quality between the six sampling sources (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6), before and after the application of the three phytochemical treatments (T1, T2 and T3) vis-à-vis the control dose (T0).

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters: The results
for the temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen in water collected from the Kenge City Springs are shown in Figure  6. Statistically speaking, the values measured for the 4 parameters the dissolved O 2 was greater than 1mg / l for all sources, except for the source of Five years whose value was less than 1, or 0.83 mg / l. Table 1 presents the results of other physico-chemical parameters related to surface water quality (NO3-, SO32-, total hardness, Cl-, Alkalinity, TΔs, and salinity).

Microbiological Analyzes
Enumeration of bacterial germs in sources without M.
Oleifera Lam powder: Figure 7 presents a count of germs found in samples taken from water sources during the dry season, without the almond powder of Moringa Oleifera Lam seeds being applied (Table 1) (T0> T1> T2> T3). However, by comparing the responses of the different water sources, we note that the sources S2, S4, S5, and S6 are significantly different from the sources S1 and S3 for the dose T0, the dose of T1 and the dose of T2. S2 and S5 sources at the T3 dose are significantly different from the S1, S3 and S6 sources. Finally, there is no significant difference between the S2, S4 and S5 sources compared to the T3 dose. Nevertheless, the source S5 is the only one that is more polluted for the set of sources.    It can be seen from Figure 10 that only the S5 source is more polluted and significantly different from the rest of the sources S1, S2, S3, S4, S6 for treatment doses T0, T1, T2, T3. The source S4 is also different from the source S1 as regards the dose of TO ( Figure   10). ANOVA indicates that during the dry season, statistically significant differences in bacterial loads were observed between different treatment doses and sources. The doses applied to the different treatments showed a decrease in mean bacterial load for all sources with T0> T1> T2> T3. Figure 11 shows, on the one hand, that no statistically significant difference exists between the different treatments of Moringa Oleifera Lam and that, on the other hand, there are significant differences at different doses between Kenge water sources ( Figure 11). The analysis of the differences between the sources according to the applied doses indicates that the source S5 is the most polluted and significantly different from the sources S1, S4 and S6 for the control treatment (T0). Source S5 is also different from all sources for T2 treatment. However, no significant difference was reported between all sources for T3 and T1 treatment, with the exception of source S2 for T1 treatment. Nevertheless, the analysis confirms that the bacterial load in the sources decreases with the applied doses of M. oléifera Lam (T0> T1> T2> T3).
The analysis of differences in total coliform populations counted during the rainy season in the sources ( Figure 12) as a function of applied Oleifera Lam doses shows that only the S5 source is more polluted and significantly different from the S1, S4 and S1 sources.  (T0> T1> T2> T3). In summary, enumeration during the rainy season for total sprouts clearly expresses a higher bacterial load than dry season sprouts and total coliforms during the two seasons ( Figure 13). Treatment with a dose of Moringa Oleifera Lam is carried out in a growing way (Figure 13).  Table 2 shows the results of this chemical screening of the almond powder of Moringa seeds. Oleifera Lam harvested in the City of Kenge (Table 2).   Table 3). The results shown in Table 4 (Table 4). Based on the results in Table 4 Salmonella typhi  s 1  15  12  10  7  7  -s 2  17  11  8  7  6  --Staphylococcus aureus  st 1  20  14  12  12  10  8  st 2  22  20  14  10  8  was considered to be rather too acidic (average < 7). In general, the most remarkable physicochemical parameters were PO43-, SO32-, total hardness, Cl-, alkalinity, salinity, pH, temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen as confirmed by Aminot and Kerouel (2004).).
Some parameters affecting water quality yielded averages of 5.6 (for pH), 26.7° C (for temperature), 21μs / cm (for conductivity) and The tests performed in this study did not allow an accurate determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) but were in agreement with those obtained by the disc method and allowed more classification of the strains used by their order of and antifungals (quinones) of the organs studied [28].

Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of Moringa seed kernel powder. Oleifera Lam determines its effectiveness in surface water treatment in the City of Kenge. It was particularly important to measure physico-chemical parameters to certify the effectiveness of this treatment on the quality of surface water. By way of illustration, the pH of the various water sources has been found to be acidic and inferior to Lam seed kernels in the disinfection of tap water and bottled water could be an alternative to chlorine, aluminum sulphate and other similar products that would cost expensive and would be rare in rural areas. In short, the seeds of M. Oleifera Lam can be used effectively to produce drinking water on a family scale [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44].