Medical-Biological, Socio-Economic and Environmental-Hygienic Aspects of Nutrition of the Population in Some Regions of Russia

Medical-biological and socio-economic problems of population nutrition are presented. The nutrition regime and its multiplicity of 1200 Saint-Petersburg residents over 18 years (674 women, 526 men) were assessed taking into account gender, age, anthropometry data, income level, education and comparing the data with studies of nutrition status in other regions of the Russian Federation. Almost half of Saint-Petersburg residents have deviations of the body mass index in the direction of its increase. Thus, overweight was found in 28.6%, and obesity in 20.7% of Saint-Petersburg residents accordingly. Women are more likely to be obese (23.5%) than men (17.1%). Among the age groups, pensioners are the most overweight and obese (63.6%). 3.2% of Saint-Petersburg residents suffer from low body weight (hypotrophy). In this case, women are more likely (4.9%) to suffer from hypotrophy than men (0.9%). Almost half (49.3%) of the citizens eat food without salt or with a small amount of it, in addition, the unpopularity of the use of iodized salt is noted. Most of Saint-Petersburg residents said that their diet of fruits and vegetables are present almost daily, but the volume of their consumption is insufficient.


Introduction
The state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of healthy nutrition of the population is a set of measures aimed at creating conditions that ensure satisfaction in accordance with the requirements of medical science of the needs of different groups of the population in a healthy diet, taking into account their traditions, habits and socio -economic situation [1]. Most of the Russian regions have established programmes aimed at improving the nutritional structure of the population in the region, as well as the establishment of health food centres in four Federal districts and 26 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Since 2009, health centres have been implementing measures aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles in the population, including reducing the consumption of alcohol and tobacco, as well as reducing morbidity and mortality from the most common diseases. However, despite positive trends in population nutrition, mortality from chronic diseases, the development of which is largely associated with alimentary factor, remains much higher than in most European countries.
The nutrition of the majority of the adult population does not comply with the principles of healthy nutrition due to the consumption of foods containing large amounts of animal fat and simple carbohydrates, lack of vegetables and fruits, fish and seafood, which leads to an increase in overweight and obesity, the prevalence of which over the past 8-9 years has increased from 19 to 23%, in-

Methods
A sociological study of the regime and diet of the citizens of Petersburg was held in Saint-Petersburg information and analytical center in cooperation with the food and nutrition service of the city [2]. Data collection method: standardized telephone interviews using the SATI system. Group: population of Saint-Petersburg 18 years and older, 1200 people (674 women, 526 men), quota (by sex and age), the maximum sampling error at the level of 95% is ± 2.9%.
The STATISTIKA software package was used for all calculations.

Results and Discussion
Residents of Saint-Petersburg in their estimates of growth and body weight indicated that almost half (45.6%) of them have deviations of the body mass index (BMI) from the normal values in the direction of weight gain. So, overweight was at 24.9 per cent and obesity at 20.7% of Saint-Petersburg residents. An increase in the body mass index from the normal values occurs with an increase in the age of the respondents. Thus, 63.6% of pensioners are overweight and obese. For them, this problem is 3.5 times more urgent than for young people and 1.3 times more urgent than for socially active persons of mature age. Among pensioners the overweight set at 35.5 percent, and obese for 28.1%. While obesity is higher among women (23.5 %) than men (17.1 %). As for low body weight (hypotrophy), it was found in 3.2 % of respondents. In this case, hypotrophy is more common in women (4.9 %) than in men (0.9 %). During the survey of Saint-Petersburg residents it was found that half (49.3%) of citizens eat food without salt or with a small amount of it. As a rule, they are Saint-Petersburg citizens with higher education.
Men were more likely to choose salty food than women (18.1 % vs. 13.6 %). In the older age groups in general increases the consumption of table salt, but iodized salt is not popular among citizens. Citizens are negligent to the presence in their diet of vitamins (both in the form of drugs and as part of food) about one in three stated that they never use them. These products with a certain periodicity in everyday life are more common for women. The influence of age, income and education factors is also evident here. The absolute majority of Saint-Petersburg residents said that their diet contains fruits and vegetables almost daily, but their consumption is insufficient (vegetables -15% below the minimum recommended volume). This is consistent with the pessimistic picture of reviews on the consumption of foods enriched with vitamins and other biologically active components of food. Insufficient volumes of consumption of bread products and potatoes and excess -for sugar and confectionery (10% higher than the maximum recommended volume) were revealed, which is a negative factor in the formation of a balanced diet of citizens.
The correct diet violates a significant part of the population.
Thus, more than half of the respondents (67.0%) adhere to the orientation on three or four meals a day. 72.2% of Saint-Petersburg residents start their day with breakfast. At the same time, more than a quarter of respondents (27.8 %) either eat breakfast irregularly or do not eat breakfast at all. In the Samara region, an unfavorable trend of increasing the consumption of fats and sugar from 2010 to 2015 was revealed, while the consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries was lower compared to the all-Russian indicators and recommended consumption levels. In food rations 82% of respondents did not reach the recommended level of vitamins B1 and B2, Niacin -in 37%, vitamin A -in 47%, vitamin C -in 68%, calcium and iron -in 14% [3,4]. Among women of Saint-Petersburg more (38.9 %) daily consuming fats and sweets than men (32.1%). The same pattern in relation to milk and milk products: 58.6% vs 49.6%, slightly more gap in the daily fruit and vegetable consumption: 80.1% versus 63.5 %. In turn, women are less likely than men to use pasta, cereals, bread and potatoes in their daily diet (41.2% vs. 55.7%). Pensioners are less likely than Saint-Petersburg residents in other age groups to consume fats and sweets, but are leaders in the daily consumption of pasta, cereals, bread and potatoes, which is associated with their income.

Consumption of fats and sweets is minimal in low-income groups.
In the weekly diet fats and sweets are more often present in group of Saint-Petersburg residents with a high level of income than with low and middle income (45% against 30.5% -35.9%). Also, in high-income groups less likely to abandon the consumption of  safe food production and environmental protection [13]. In human nutrition uses a variety of products that are sources of proteins, In artificial products, you can adjust the chemical composition, Fifth, it is rational to keep in food microorganisms useful for the human body (lactic acid bacteria, food yeast, etc.) which increase the absorption of nutrients, enrich diets with biologically active substances, especially vitamins, and have a beneficial effect on the endoecology (internal ecology) of human intestinal microorganisms, thereby reducing its endogenous intoxication with harmful products of the synthesis of putrefactive microflora.
Sixth, it is important to prevent from hygienic positions in the process of storage, technological processing of products and their realization among the population of their secondary pollution by foreign harmful non-food components. Seventh, particularly promising technologies for obtaining healthy food products based on the inclusion of essential nutrients in the "food chain" of ecosystems (enrichment of soil with essential amino acids, enrichment of vitamins and trace elements of pet food, etc.), which will contribute to a better biological adaptation of humans to these vital components of food.

Conclusion
In conclusion, it should be noted that the current organization of rational nutrition of different groups of the population should be based on the ecological and hygienic concept of healthy human nutrition. This concept is aimed both at the protection of the internal human environment, its "purity", and the normalization of its life processes, which are closely related to the environment, making in nature a single and interconnected ecological system [13,14].