Hormonal Dysfunctioning in Thyroidectomy Patients

A thyroidectomy is a surgical technique that is used to remove the thyroid gland. It is used to treat hyperthyroidism, noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) and cancer. Partial thyroidectomy is done in order to remove part of thyroid gland and thyroid may be able to function normally after surgery. While in case of (total thyroidectomy) entire thyroid is removed and it requires daily treatment with thyroid hormone to replace your thyroid’s natural function. Thyroid disorder is physical ailment that arises from its dysfunctioning that produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4). Both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients have higher and lower concentration of TSH respectively. The appropriate study has incorporated 26 patients of thyroidectomy as experimental group and 50 control individuals. Thyroid scan, physical examination and ultrasound examination are the techniques that are used to diagnose patients. These have evaluated through various statistical techniques in order to investigate thyroid dysfunctioning. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be accurately diagnosed with laboratory tests performed at Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI). The data along with detailed history were collected with the help of clinicians in Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI) and entered in the Performa. The diagnostic evaluation relating to functional and morphological characterization has examined through serum TSH concentration and imaging. The results have determined non-significant difference between hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients of thyroidectomy patients and control group individuals. The study has concluded that the prevalence of goiter may be dependent on the higher and lower concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).


Introduction
The highly vascular endocrine gland the thyroid gland lying in the neck in front of trachea extending from the fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebrae [1]. Lang and Lo CY [2] have reported that total thyroidectomy is done when disease has invaded in both thyroid lobes (i.e. bilateral multinodular goiter). Hauch et al. [3] have determined that there was a significantly increased risk of complications after total thyroidectomy compared to lobectomy (20.4 vs. 10.8%: p<0.0001) in the adult patients. Evered et al. [4] have investigated the normal values of T3 and T4 and high range of TSH at the state of mild hypothyroidism. Vander Pump [5] has reported that the enlargement of whole thyroid gland in case of diffuse goiter at the state of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is observed at the age of puberty and toxic diffuse goiter is also known as grave's disease is more prevalent in hyperthyroid patients. Kumar et al. [6] have reported that diffuse goiter (Simple) or physiological goiter is the most common thyroid disorder among different thyroid diseases.
They have further investigated that diffuse goiter has been exhibiting equivalence with diffuse radioactive iodine uptake, while multinodular goiter has not been exhibiting equivalence with irregularity in iodine uptake and activity throughout the thyroid gland. Schwartz et al. [7] have observed the follicular cells of the thyroid gland have produced and have secreted the two basic forms of thyroid hormone that are T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) and T3 (3, 3',5-triiodothyronine). They have further revealed that these hormones have played extremely important role in the normal development of cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Surks et al. [8] have described that a thyroid disorder is physical ailment that arises from its dysfunctioning that produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4). They have further observed that this dysfunctioning have influenced functions of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus and consequently their secretions. Oppenheimer et al. [9] have revealed that tetraiodothyronine (T4) is generated by the thyroid gland as an inactive compound.
They have further described that this is transformed into the tissues to triiodothyronine (T3) that combines to the nuclear receptors in order to initiate thyroid hormone (TH) action. Guyton and Hall. (1996) have analyzed that thyroid gland have produced about 7% triiodothyronine (T3) and about 93% thyroxin (T4).
Triiodothyronine (fT3) has 3-5 folds greater biological potency than thyroxin (fT4). Morreale et al. [10] have reported that thyroid hormones as being critical regulatory molecules have regulated normal brain functioning during development of vertebrate brain. They have further examined that these are Tyrosine based hormones that are partially composed of iodine and their deficiency enlarges the thyroid tissue which is known as simple goiter Suzuki et al. [11,12] have examined that alteration in TSH and free thyroid hormones have been observed in gender and during aging. They have further investigated that in males the process of aging have restrained the free thyroid hormones concentration but have not influenced on the concentration of TSH. While, in females the free thyroid hormones levels have not been changed with aging but TSH level have been increased in age-dependent areas of severe iodine deficiency can be as high as 80%.
Khan et al. [13] have observed that two major ailments of thyroid gland, one is higher generation of thyroid hormones that is called hyperthyroidism and other is lower generation of thyroid hormones that is called hypothyroidism. Khan et al. [13] also have examined that serum TSH level has been elevated in case of primary hypothyroidism but values of T3 and T4 have remained below the normal range. Evered et al. [14] have been investigated that in case of mild hypothyroidism serum TSH also have been observed high and the values of T3 and T4 have remained in normal range. Caldwell et al. 1985 have been reported that in case of hyperthyroidism the values of triiodothyronine and Thyroxin have been observed above high level and TSH has subdued due to negative feedback mechanism. The objective of study is to compare the hormonal profile of subclinical and clinical hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients with normal healthy individuals and will be evaluated statistically. Various medical disorders and abnormalities in thyroid hormones will be explored in Pakistani population. Further, profile of thyroid hormones will be analyzed via level of different hormones and antibodies like TSH, FT4, T3 and ant thyroglobulin respectively will be analyzed from serum samples of patients. Analytical evaluation of the hormonal profile of patient will be carried out via electro chemiluminescent immunoassays (ECLIA). Setting and Study Area: The present study was carried out in Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI).

Study Population:
Total 76 patients that were referred for thyroid scan were included in the study.
Inclusion Criteria: All patients having goiter in any age group will be included in the study.

Results
The current paper has investigated that 60% of goiter patients However, thyroid dysfunctioning was not prominent in patients experiencing diffuse goiter and multinodular goiter (MNG). sistency with the findings of Evered et al. [19] have been investigated that in case of mild hypothyroidism serum TSH also have been observed high and the values of T3 and T4 have remained in normal range, while in case of present study serum TSH levels fluctuates.
Moreover, current new findings have already challenged the published results. Such studies would be helpful to understand on the prevalence of various types of goiter in different subjects and will also suggest the measures to minimize the goiter associated with its onset. It is further suggested that that the role of hormonal interactions in these patients may also be investigated with reference to their different metabolic disorders.

Conclusion
The present study concluded that prevalence of goiter may be dependent on the extent of hormonal dysfunctioning specifically normal and abnormal TSH levels. In future comprehensive investigation is warrant covering the epidemiological profile of the patients having goiter.