How to Pinpoint Where to Make International Science-Technology Cooperation Most Effectively

Amid increasing significance of Science and Technology (S &T) cooperation in international relations, here I suggest a strategy to boost its bilateral progress. That is, analyzing very in detail regarding ongoing projects of national institutes of a specific country, and then confirm its drawbacks and needs that can be supplemented by its partner who is not so dominant in power but is leading in different technological fields. With closer look at Chile’s ongoing national institutes’ projects and its drawbacks/needs that could be covered by South Korea’s status, I will show an example telling how grasping detailed technological current priority and exact needs are important for pinpoint where to make cooperation. And this task, of course, should be an academic task, not reserved for policy-makers who cannot afford everything to understand counter-part country’s all scientific national projects. To apply this logic to Chile and Korea, I would like to suggest potential areas for further Korea-Chile’s STC, by conjecturing on technological traits and needs which are seen from Chilean national institutes’ projects, and by comparing them with programs of the same institutes in Korea.

in specialties. And I would like to assert that such technological comparison in respect to potential S &T cooperation counterpartcountry, to the very detailed degree as shown in subsequent analyses, should be a task dealt by academic researchers, not by international-cooperation government authorities.
The reason is simple, as follows. Can the government officials

National Institutes' Projects: Direct Reflection of National S & T Development Goals
Then, how to provide specific-technology needs and haves from the both sides, with enough academic grounds? My choice is: focusing national institutes' projects, for the following reasons.
According to Sapre [5], the national institutes are exerting central role for S & T development in non-Western countries. Besides, in L.A., the executive's power prevails over check-and-balance [6].
Then it is inferred that L.A.'s national institutes will be hardly free from government (executive)'s development schemes, while their project outcome is highly crucial for national socio-economic or industrial developments. Therefore, also the technologies in those institutes' projects can be direct catalysis of national developments.
That clarifies that national institutes' project technologies are the most direct hints for S & T areas for further bilateral cooperation.

Country Selection for the Present Research: Chile, in respect to South Korea
In this paper, I will focus on Chile, which is providing important spaces for scientific advanced research, represented by its Atacama Desert [7], but also which does not seem to take its full advantage for its own S & T level. Meanwhile, among all Latin American countries it is the most oriented to external cooperation, including that for S & T. With those characteristics, this country is quite worth to analyze where to cooperate more. Meanwhile, I decided to set East Asia's South Korea as Chile's counterpart to evaluate its technological relative progress and drawbacks, taking account for the following facts: While Chile's main industries are mining, agriculture and fishery, Korea's main industries are heavy chemical industries and more high-technological industries [8]. But meanwhile, both countries belong to high-income countries [9]. As the potential counterpart for Chilean cooperation, Korea has its own specific. First, even among advanced OECD countries, Korea is known for its very generous investment in R & D and innovation activities, and as a result it reached to two remarkable achievements out of most other countries' reacha.
One of the top five countries in the number of patent registration since late 2000s, especially in the biggest oversea markets like U.S., b. Furthermore, it is one of the 12 biggest countries in terms of SCI publication [10].
Nevertheless, by choosing Korea as the counterpart of Chile, I never mean any specificity of Korea's significance as cooperation partner for Chile. It is just the example, and I want to say that the same logic of comparative analyses can be applied to any other cooperation pairs of countries. b.
If not, then we could ask whether donating or cooperating foreign countries deliver those needs. If the country cannot meet the need by itself, and if its cooperating countries can deliver it, then needs and hopes for TC is highly expected.

Methods of Analyses
My methods to look at national institutes' projects are as follows. The analysis methods stated below will be used only when necessary and meaningful for understanding of projects and institutes; otherwise, the paper will be too redundant beyond

Project Contents' Credibility Check
The confidence of project information's will be examined when necessary, by contrasting multiple sources.

Exploring Technological Limitations
Those limitations can be inferred when: a.
There are grounds to argue that the technological tools or schemes are not sufficiently elaborated as the project needs.
b. Compared with Korean institutes' in the same field, lacking certain tools, programs, or processes are observed, and this is likely to substantially affect the project-outcomes or industrial/economic developments.   in April this year, Hong et al. [24] has inferred on temporal and spatial distribution of soil waters and amount of evaporation, in order to evaluate flooding vulnerability in farm lands; along with radar, civil-engineering sluice model, and geographic information system (GIS), the optic satellites were employed in their research.

Main Characteristics of Chilean National Institutes
In fact, however, it has been far longer ago that using satellites for agricultural purpose had been discussed using foreign satellite data has begun since 1999, for the part of Korean Ministry of Agriculture Hong et al. [24].
Chilean government also launched the Fasat Charlie for precision agriculture, but it was abandoned by 2015 for obsolescence; launching its substitute was planned for 2017, but still there is no realized actions [25]. Then, currently services for precision agriculture are privatized, costing over 90$ per hectar beyond ordinary peasants' affordance [26]. In Chile by now, the precision agriculture, despite its ground-breaking impact on productivity, is a luxury good. This situation contrasts with Korea where now precision-agriculture is widely used for agricultural policies, helping most small-business farmers in ways like minimizing loss by floods and droughts -for instance, precision-agriculture predicts the least/ most robust crops and lands to the forthcoming disasters, leading to optimal choice of cultivation; whether precision-agriculture is public good like in Korea or private good in Chile, will determine the future of the nation's agricultural industry. In pastoral industry, the Institutes of Agro-Fishery Research (INIA, in Spanish abbrevia-tion), is seeking bees' protection from climate change and temperature instability's damages. As other programs below will confirm, many projects of Chile's national institutes are devoted to measurements of climate change's potential defects ( Figure 1).

Boosting Marketing's of High-Quality Crops
Amid the strengthening relationship between two continents,  include not only commercial crops but also insects and non-edible crops, the priority seems to be in biological diversity itself rather than economic profits. According to the institute, however, current local species are already of 4,000 kinds; this means, although only parts of those plants are in the bank, still a lot of economic benefits are expected.

Fishery and Aquaculture
Aquaculture programs, by Foundation of Chile: The programs run by the Foundation of Chile (Fundación Chile), unlike those of typical foundations, is never limited to financing other institutions.
Rather, it is developing projects across most sectors of primaryindustry sector as well as organizational strategy program. The programs for fishery-aquaculture by Foundation Chile are quite variegate, covering weights-increasing, diversification, aquacultureskills diffusion, medical care, and international treaties. While their planned regional coverage is more than a half of the whole country, however, the kind of involved fishes is relatively limited.
When looking at programs by region, aquaculture-skill education is mostly for the Northern region -especially for the coast-city Tongoy.
On the contrary, in Quillaipe, closer to middle part of country, they pursue two objectives: Regarding fish-kind aquaculture program, the most recent one was for honnibecroak. In this program, multiple honnibecroakers are grown being trapped in reservoir, with artificial increase of their weights.

Mining
For the industry of mining and metallurgy, there are four national institutes: a. Abbreviated as NGM in this paper However, the first one's task is mainly on diffusion of natural-resource information's, without running additional projects.
b. The second one, on the other hand, is by now almost inactive; previously it worked for CODELCO (Chilean National Copper Corporation)'s renovations, but now its need disappeared since CODELCO has its own organism for that. In Chile, mining sector takes over 12 percent of total GDP, urging the Foundation to make mining-related programs very deliberately.
In the program "National Human Resource Certificate", the Foundation seeks to develop, and to bring equilibrium on supplydemand of mining-labor market. For that purpose, the Foundation's prioritized task is promoting high-level experts of mining industry.
This program is extremely well-organized, addressing thoroughly multi-faceted parts of mining capacities and processes, as follows.
First, the subjects of evaluation include not only product-managing capacity, but also education, evaluation, and by extension the ability to interact with civil/interest groups. Secondly, the handbook series on the mining extraction 6 , the education contents cover coping styles and required educations in each process of mining works like: explosion, exploration, disposition and fissuring of rocks. Lastly, the certificated capacity levels are with no less than 5-step levels: from maneuver work, to chief supervisor. Since Chile's industry level is more advanced than that of other L.A. countries [27], also the level

Education and Information Service
Geography The institute's website only quoted on importance of considering organizational dynamics, and very-general theoretical frames.
To supplement information, I attempted at phone-call with the responsible personnel. However, the answer was that no further information than basic mechanism maps can be provided. This leads to implication that the level of programs involving management strategies and enterprise organization, when compared with private consulting companies, remains superficial.  Those biomasses' distribution data is fully prepared with extremely precise fuel production data [32], assuring the use of biomass as alternative energy. A similar development occurred also in Chile, though at regional level; in Tarapaca  For example, in April this year, Hong et al. [35] inferred on temporal and spatial distribution of soil waters and amount of evaporation, in order to evaluate flooding vulnerability in farm lands; along with radar, civil-engineering sluice model, and geographic information system (GIS), the optic satellites was employed in their research. In fact, however, it has been far longer ago that using satellites for agricultural purpose had been discussed [36], using foreign satellite data has begun since 1999, for the part of Korean Ministry of Agriculture [35]. Chilean government also launched the satellite Fasat Charlie by 2011, for precision-agriculture; however, it was abandoned by 2015 for obsolescence. Launching its substitute was planned for 2017 (according to EFE), but still there are no real progress [25]. Without national satellite, now the services for precision-agriculture in Chile are entirely privatized, with price of 90$ per hectar [26] out of small-farm peasants'

Public Diffusion of technology
affordance. Being offered only as private service, the precision agriculture in Chile is never counted in national agricultural policy and administrations. This contrasts with Korean government who is managing agricultural satellite exploration as a kind of public goods, for precision of its policies.
There remain doubts on whether and how much only providing crop-check skills can contribute to Chile's goals of dominating global foods of functional foods. Although it is the industry largely influenced by natural conditions, the competition in global market will call for further technological efficiencies; this means that Chile cannot preclude the need for precision agriculture for its top-crop industries, being that its contribution to productivity is far more thorough and radical than manual know-how of crop-checking.
In that respect, there are room for STC between Korea and Chile in precision agriculture field -Korea has been advanced so much, while Chile cannot preclude its needs.

Health-Care: Prevention of Radioactive Risk
While nuclear energy is not of primary alternative resource in Chile, the health-care service has developed protection system from its risk -radioactive exposure. It is led by Chilean Commission on Nuclear Energy (Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, CchEN). Unlike the name sounds, nuclear energy development is not of its priority. The institute primarily pursues the health-care service related with radioactive risks. The most-used service is radioactiveexposure diagnosis at relatively cheap price which is no more than 9 USD per month [37]. It also provides medical-care service for workers who are chronically exposed to radioactive exposures, but costing far more than diagnosis; a thorough corporation examination costs 232,000 Chilean pesos (approximately 37 USD), and a urinal examination costing no less than 53,500 pesos (approximately 80 USD) With all those advantages, this paper can make contributions to the more swift, more effective, and more diverse STC between Korea and Chile in the future.

Summary on Chilean Institutes' Technological Traits and Needs for Cooperation
The main limitation of this paper is not addressing on the way of cooperation -for example, either in the form of grant, or in the form of credit assistance. This is left to further studies. On the other hand, to make most of my attempt of specifying/clarifying areas for best STC, keeping track of update information is necessary; this means, admittedly, this research cannot be the final-versioned clue, when another STC negotiation is made far later between Korea and Chile. Despite those limitations, my first attempt will contribute to finding various and more specific technological areas for further STC between Korea and Chile, more efficiently.

C. Final Remarks
In this paper, I suggested that the S & T cooperation can be best boosted when each one's needs and capacities are fully revealed, and they know how to match it. Simply speaking, knowing one's own needs and the foreign sources to meet those needs, the synergy effect of cooperation will be the optium. and furthermore enabled coherent summaries industry-byindustry. I hope the aspiration having started from their helps will reach to also other S & T cooperation researchers, including others than those addressing Latin America.