The Finger and Palmer Dermatoglyphics among the Various Caste Groups of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

Dermatoglyphics was derived from the Greek word “dermis” meaning “skin” and the “glyph” meaning “curving”. Dermatoglyphics is a term first coined by Cummings and Milado [1]. Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of papillary ridges in the palm of the hand and soles of feet Purkinje. The first classification of finger prints (digital pattern) into Arch, Loop and Whorl was done by Sir Francis Galton (1892). Although the arrangements of skin ridges never duplicated in two persons even in monozygotic twins, the similarities are closer among some individuals while in others the differences are marked. It is the study skin ridges which are found on the finger pad, palm, and toes and soles .it includes anthropologic genetic and Egypt logic study of finger print. Fingers have dermal ridge configuration having grooves in between them. They developed at 13th week of prenatal life and remain unchanged throughout the remaining life, thus providing marks of individuality. Finger print is a multifactorial trait. Large number of genes plays their role along with environmental influence [2]. Actually there is large number of genes determining the ridge pattern. Chromosomal aberrations affect these genes and produce variations in Dermatoglyphics pattern in various chromosomal syndromes. Average frequency of different epidermal ridge patterns such as whorl, ulner loop, radial loop, and arch in whole world population is 25% , 70%, <1% and 5% respectively.


Introduction
Dermatoglyphics was derived from the Greek word "dermis" meaning "skin" and the "glyph" meaning "curving". Dermatoglyphics is a term first coined by Cummings and Milado [1]. Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of papillary ridges in the palm of the hand and soles of feet Purkinje. The first classification of finger prints (digital pattern) into Arch, Loop and Whorl was done by Sir Francis Galton (1892). Although the arrangements of skin ridges never duplicated in two persons even in monozygotic twins, the similarities are closer among some individuals while in others the differences are marked. It is the study skin ridges which are found on the finger pad, palm, and toes and soles .it includes anthropologic genetic and Egypt logic study of finger print. Fingers have dermal ridge configuration having grooves in between them. They developed at 13th week of prenatal life and remain unchanged throughout the remaining life, thus providing marks of individuality. Finger print is a multifactorial trait. Large number of genes plays their role along with environmental influence [2]. Actually there is large number of genes determining the ridge pattern. Chromosomal aberrations affect these genes and produce variations in Dermatoglyphics pattern in various chromosomal syndromes. Average frequency of different epidermal ridge patterns such as whorl, ulner loop, radial loop, and arch in whole world population is 25% , 70%, <1% and 5% respectively.

Materials and Methods
The study data forms were prepared for taking finger prints.300 individuals were randomly selected for the present study among which both males and females that is both sexes are studied and the individuals are from three different caste groups that is Brahmin, Kayastha and Namasudra. Among the individuals 100 individuals(male-50,female-50) are from Brahmin group, 100 individuals(male-50,female)belongs to kayastha community and 100 individuals (male-50,female-50) from namasudra caste group. It is a cross sectional descriptive study under taken using quantitative method [3]. Classical ink -pad method and paper method was used for its simplicity and convenience. Each digital pad of both hands was pressed against inked cotton pad. Then it was rolled in specific box on data form. By this method, sharp and clear fingerprint were obtained. The fingerprints were studied with the help of magnifying glass (Figures 1-3).

Figure 1:
The Brahmins has highest frequency in ulner loop that is 13.64% the percentage of whorl, arch, radial loops are 11.52%, 0.06%, 8.01% respectively. In case of kayasthas the arch have highest percentage that is 11.32% and the other ridge pattern such as whorl, radial loop, ulner loop have 10.92%, 5.16%,6.09% respectively. In case of namasudra community the ulner loop has highest percentage that is 10.66% and the percentage of whorl arch and radial loop are 9.00%, 4.63% and 8.94% respectively. Figure 2: the Brahmins has highest frequency in whorl that is 15.65% the percentage of ulner loop ,arch, radial loops are 13.21%,0%, 15.11% respectively. in case of kayasthas the whorl have highest percentage that is 6.60% and the other ridge pattern such as arch, radial loop, ulner loop have 6.42%,5.52%,6.51% respectively. In case of namasudra community the whorl has highest percentage that is 9.23% and the percentage of arch and radial loop, ulner loop are 7.05%,8.14% and6.51%respectively.

Statistical Analysis
The PII and the numbers of the ridge pattern that is whorl, arch, and radial, ulner loop were calculated. The significance of differences between the observed parameter was evaluated by student"t" test and chi-square test.

Results and Discussion
The analysis showed that in case of male population. The Brahmins has highest frequency in ulner loop that is 13.64% the percentage of whorl, arch, radial loops are 11.52%, 0.06%, 8.01% respectively [4][5][6]. In case of kayasthas the arch have highest percentage that is 11.32% and the other ridge pattern such as whorl, radial loop, ulner loop have 10.92%, 5.16%,6.09% respectively. In case of namasudra community the ulner loop has highest percentage that is 10.66% and the percentage of whorl arch and radial loop are 9.00%, 4.63% and 8.94% respectively. The analysis showed that in case of female population. The Brahmins has highest frequency in whorl that is 15.65% the percentage of ulner loop, arch, radial loops are 13.21%,0%, 15.11% respectively. In case of kayasthas the whorl have highest percentage that is 6.60% and the other ridge pattern such as arch, radial loop, ulner loop have 6.42%, 5.52%,6.51% respectively. In case of namasudra community the whorl has highest percentage that is 9.23% and the percentage of arch and radial loop, ulner loop are 7.05%,8.14% and6.51%respectively.
The analysis showed that in case of pattern of pattern intensity index the males of Brahmin population have greater frequency. In this Brahmin female population has greater frequency in comparison of other females of kayastha and Namasudra population. The females of kayastha population showing the greatest frequency in case of pattern intensity index that is 1.5.The Namasudra female shows lesser number of presence of the index. That is 1.09 and kayastha population shows the lesser number of frequencies in case of pattern intensity index.

Conclusion
The analysis showed that there is a large variation is found in three population Brahmin, Kayastha, Namasudra population in case of the ridge pattern of fingertip that is ulner loop is frequently found in Brahmin population where it is rare in Namasudra population like this all of three caste groups showed noticeable variation between the two groups and also between the male and female belongs to same caste group of my studied population.