Total Phenolic Content of Three Samples from the Powdered Stem Bark of Detarium Microcarpum Guill. and Perr. (Fabaceae)

Detarium. microcarpum Guill and Perr. belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is commonly called Tallow tree in English. The Hausas from northern Nigeria call it Taura. It is a savannah tree, growing up to 9.114m, with reddish-brown scaly bark; leaves glaucous beneath; flowers cream in dense inflorescences; fruits are edible, branchlets deciduous. It is a plant of the drier savannahs. Leaflets rounded and usually emarginated at apex, oblong-elliptic, 6-12, alternate: calyx in bud densely pubescent outside; inflorescences congested; leaflets thickly coriaceous, usually about 7-11cm broad, but sometimes smaller, with numerous translucid gland-dots; fruits sub orbicular and flattened, about 4cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick, not very fleshy; often forming small abortive or galled fruits [1].


Introduction
Detarium. microcarpum Guill and Perr. belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is commonly called Tallow tree in English. The Hausas from northern Nigeria call it Taura. It is a savannah tree, growing up to 9.114m, with reddish-brown scaly bark; leaves glaucous beneath; flowers cream in dense inflorescences; fruits are edible, branchlets deciduous. It is a plant of the drier savannahs. Leaflets rounded and usually emarginated at apex, oblong-elliptic, 6-12, alternate: calyx in bud densely pubescent outside; inflorescences congested; leaflets thickly coriaceous, usually about 7-11cm broad, but sometimes smaller, with numerous translucid gland-dots; fruits sub orbicular and flattened, about 4cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick, not very fleshy; often forming small abortive or galled fruits [1].
Phenols constitute a very large group of plant secondary metabolites. They are widespread in nature and found in most in classes of natural compounds having aromatic moieties. They range from simple structures with one aromatic ring to highly complex polymeric substances such as tannins and lignin's. They are important constituents of some medicinal plants and in the food industry. They are utilized as coloring agents, flavorings, aromatizes and antioxidants. Phenolic classes of pharmaceutical interest include:

Collection and Preparation of Plant Material
The plant material was collected from the wild in vegetation around the settlements in Giwa local Government Area located in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The collection was done in December 16 th ,2008. About 1Kg of the stem cuttingswere collected [3]. Another fresh twig comprising all the essential parts used in the identification of plants was collected and taken to the Herbarium unit of the Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria forauthentication. A voucher number, 900676 was assigned to the plant sample on 17 th December, 2008 by the taxonomists in charge. Preliminary processing of the plant material was done. This includes elimination of undesirable materials and contaminants, washing to remove soil, sorting and cutting. The bark was removed from the stem cuttings dried in an open air under shade. This wasthen powdered using mortar and pestle [2,3].

Extraction of Plant Samples
Firstly, 1000g of the powdered crude drug was defatted using 5 litre of petroleum ether (60-800C). The marc obtained from this was subjected to extraction by cold percolation using 1 litre of 70% methanol. The filterate obtained was divided into two portions. Tannins were precipitated from one portion using 1% solution of gelatin containing 10% NaCl. This was filtered to separate the precipitated tannins and a filtrate is obtained. The tannins were recovered from the residue by adding another 1 liter of 99% MeOH to the precipitate obtained and filtered. This dissolves the tannins leaving a residue of gelatin and NaCl. The filterate contains the tannins while the gelatin and the NaCl remains in the precipitates as the residue (or the marc). The filtrate was concentrated over water bath at a controlled temperature and must not be charred as some phenolics are unstable at certain high temperatures. The resulting extract constitutes the tannin fraction (TF). The filtrate obtained after precipitating the tannins was also concentrated in an evaporating dish over a water bath. This constitutes the Residual Fraction (RF). The second portion of the filterate obtained after defatting was concentrated to obtain the crude extract (MCE) (Figure 2).

Determination of Total Phenolics
The total phenolics of the stem bark of D. microcapum were determined by the UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Analysis method. Here, tannic acid was used as the standard or reference. Five different concentrations of the tannic acid (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20) g/dm 3 were prepared. Each was then reacted with a few drops of 1% FeCl 3 solution in 50% Methanol at a pH of 7.12. The reaction mixture was allowed to stay at room temperature for about 8-10 minutes after which the absorbencies were measured using the Jenway 630 UV-visible spectrophotometer at 570nm against water: methanol blank. The various absorbance obtained were plotted against the corresponding concentrations to obtain a standard calibration curve. Thereafter, the plant sample was treated in the same way as the tannic acid [4,5].
A standard calibration curve of absorbencies against tannic acid concentrations (4-20g/dm 3 ) was plotted so as to determine the corresponding concentrations of the plant samples to be used in the determination procedure (Table 1). The total phenolic compounds were calculated by the following formula T=CVM Where, T= Total content of phenolic compounds in TAE/g C= Concentration of Extract established from the calibration curve in g/dm3 V= Volume of extract in ml

M= Weight of plant extract in grams
The results were expressed as mg of tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/1g of extract weight.

Yields of Plant Extract and Fractions:
From the 1000g of the powdered plant sample, the extract and various fractions had the following yields: the petroleum ether faction (8.6%), Methanolic Crude Extract (41.2%), tannin fraction (10.4%), and the residual fraction (6.5%). The residue and other substances left after the extraction and fractionation processes makes up the remaining 33.3% ( Table 2). The graph was used to determine the values of x (concentrations) from the values of y (absorbance) measured from the UV-VIS Spectrophometer (Figure 3). The R 2 value being up to 0.5 is an indication that there is a strong relationship between the absorbance and the concentrations. This means that the absorbance vary with change in concentration or is dependent on the change in concentration. The crude methanolic plant extract (MCE) gave an absorbance of 1nm, tannin fraction (TF) had 0.87nm and the residual fraction (RF) had 0.44nm while the total phenolics were 16mg TAE/g, 15.86mg TAE/g and 0.14 mg TAE/g respectively (Table 3).

Conclusion
These total phenolics as determined in terms of Tannic-Acid Equivalence (TAE) are expressed as 16mg TAE/g of crude extract weight, 09.86mg TAE/g of tannin fraction weight and 6.14mg TAE/g of residual fraction weight. This shows that the crude plant extract still has the highest phenolic content although only slightly different from the ones in the tannin fraction. The residual fraction has the least content of the phenolics. This obviously constitutes other phenolics apart from the tannins since the tannins have been separated from this fraction. This also indicates that amongst the other phenolic compounds, Detarium microcarpumis richest in tannins as compared to its content of other phenolic compounds.