Abstract
Background and Objective: The main objective of this Article is to investigate and find out after reviewing 23 referenced News articles and published papers to gather evidence that novel corona virus COVID-19 was accidentally leaked in the community. Eight Published Newspaper Articles were carefully selected to find out the documentary and visual evidence that novel corona virus COVID-19 was accidentally leaked from the Wuhan research Laboratory in China.
Methods: Literature review and then critical analysis of the 23 News Articles and published papers in different Newspapers and scientific journals at the same time. Search for the evidence is provided by carefully selected 8 News Articles which give details that novel corona virus COVID-19 was produced and accidentally leaked by Wuhan research laboratory. A table was developed where 8 News articles was searched and compared for the evidence of leak of novel corona virus COVID-19.
Results: Upon reviewing the carefully selected 8 News Articles only two articles provide the picture and documented evidence that may be accidentally in the Wuhan laboratory the studied novel corona virus got out of laboratory.
Conclusion: By looking at the results of the data table, data analysis and diagrammatic presentation 25% of the News articles provides some evidence and 75% of the news articles did not provide any evidence. The evidence we are looking at that Wuhan laboratory is clearly responsible for accidentally leaking the novel corona virus COVID-19 in the community
Keywords: COVID-19 novel corona virus; Global pandemic; Wuhan research Laboratory; Biosafety level 4 (BSL lab) in the Wuhan Institute of Virology; World health organization (WHO); A greater horseshoe bat; Centre of Disease control (CDC) China
Introduction
Emerging infectious diseases are a major challenge in the 21st century. In recent years worldwide outbreaks of Ebola and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome caused great health and economic losses. The ongoing new coronavirus pneumonia, Corona Virus Disease COVID-19 outbreak is becoming a global public health problem. The COVID-19 outbreak is highly similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak that occurred in 2003 both outbreaks were caused by new coronaviruses during time periods overlapping with the Chinese Spring Festival (Chen Ze- Liang, Zhang Qi, Lu Yi, et al, 2020).On December 31, 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Committee reported 27 cases of pneumonia with an unknown cause, and many cases were traced to the Wuhan Southern China Seafood Market which was subsequently closed on January 1 2020.On January 7 2020 laboratory tests showed that the pathogen causing the previously unexplained pneumonia was a new type of coronavirus this pneumonia was then officially named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 outbreak started in Wuhan and spread rapidly to other provinces and countries [1].
As of January 30 2020, a total of 34 provinces and regions in China had reported 9692 cases and nearly all imported cases were derived from Wuhan in Hubei province (Chen Ze-Liang, Zhang Qi, Lu Yi, et al, 2020). On 10 January 2020 a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan City in central China was denoted as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization. As of 24 January2020 there were 887 confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV infection including 26 deaths reported in China and other countries. Therefore, combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic is a matter of urgency. Here we focus on advances in research and development of fast diagnosis methods, as well as potential prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent or treat 2019-nCoV infection. At the end of December2019 the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission reported the outbreak of viral pneumonia caused by an unknown pathogen in Wuhan China(Fei Yu, Lanying Du, David Ojcius et.al, 2020) Subsequently the unknown pathogen was identified as a novel coronavirus denoted as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization on 10 January 2020.
On 12 and 13 January 2020, the full genomic sequence of 2019- nCoV denoted WIV04 strain (GISAID accession no. EPI_ISL_402124) was released with about 82% homology to that of SARS-CoV Tor 2 (GenBank accession no. AY274119) and bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (bat SL-CoV-WIV1, GenBank accession no. KF367457.1)(Fei Yu, Lanying Du, David Ojcius et.al, 2020). US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said Sunday there was enormous evidence that the coronavirus pandemic originated in a laboratory in Wuhan China echoing a claim made by President Donald Trump earlier this week (France 24, 2020) [2].These are not the first times that we’ve had a world exposed to viruses as a result of failures in a Chinese lab Pompeo added pointing at China’s history of running substandard laboratories. Though highly critical of China’s handling of the matter Pompeo declined to say whether he thought the virus had been intentionally released. Beijing has suggested the US military might have brought the virus to China and Trump has said China failed to alert the world to the risks in a timely and transparent fashion (France 24, 2020).
Worrying photographs of scientists handling bat samples have been deleted from the website of the institute blamed for the coronavirus pandemic. The images which reveal a shocking lack of safety were taken down by the Wuhan Institute of Virology after diplomats and scientists raised the alarm about its work(The sun UK, 2020).During interactions with scientists at the Wuhan Institute of Virology laboratory they noted the new lab has a serious shortage of appropriately trained technicians and investigators needed to safely operate this high containment laboratory. It was claimed that Covid-19 was developed in the Wuhan lab as China hoped to prove it’s greater than the US at battling deadly diseases [3]. One worker admitted being sprayed with bat blood or urine as images showed staff brazenly collecting samples with no face masks or protective suits. Earlier this month photos from the same Wuhan lab showed a broken seal on a store containing 1,500 virus strains including the bat coronavirus linked to the devastating pandemic. Incredibly some scientists didn’t even wear gloves as they entered caves to collect fecal bat swab samples beaming for the camera and oblivious to the dangers (The sun UK, 2020) (Figures 1 & 2).
US President Trump neither confirmed nor denied the report
but noted that more and more we are hearing the story and we’ll see.
We are doing a very thorough examination of this horrible situation
that happened the President added. The news channel said that
China initially made efforts to cover up the outbreak. Sources also
characterized the World Health Organization (WHO) as being part
of a coverup from the very beginning the report said (Gulfnews.com
world Americas, 2020).Scientists at the Wuhan Institute of Virology
have also been considered as possible culprits in a lab leak. In 2018
US officials raised concerns about safety issues at that lab according
to diplomatic cables obtained by The Washington Post (Business
Insider coronavirus, 2020) [4]. We believe in holding the Chinese
government accountable for changes in regulations and policies that
can prevent another laboratory accident. In particular we would
like to see a nationally unified movement toward transparency so
that the world may rest assured in the belief that China will not
hide the next pandemic natural or otherwise if it occurs under their
jurisdiction. It is vitally important that lab safety is taken seriously
in all countries to ensure the survival and continued success of the
human race. We do not believe in holding individual lab technicians
or employees accountable unless they have demonstrated criminal
negligence (Evidence SARS COV-2, 2020) [5-6].
In most accidents procedures and policies are the culprit
not individual people. it is widely believed that Patient Zero was
infected in Wuhan China with SARS-CoV-2. What is not so certain is
where exactly in Wuhan Patient Zero was infected and how he/she
was infected. The competing theories are from eating wild animals
at the Huanan Seafood Market. From doing work at the Wuhan
Institute of Virology which performed gain-of-function research
on the original SARS virus. Or from doing work at the Wuhan
Centre for Disease Control which performed experiments on and
housed many bats known for carrying coronaviruses. Patient Zero
would then go on to spread the infection likely asymptomatically
and this would eventually cause the pandemic now known as
COVID-19 and resulting worldwide lockdown (Evidence SARS COV-
2, 2020) [7-10]. The Wuhan Institute of Virology, which has Asia’s
highest-level biosafety lab has been at the centre of controversy
with some questioning its possible links with the outbreak of
COVID-19.The Huanan Seafood Market has been considered the
source of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan (Global times china,
2020). Shi Zhenglia research fellow from the institute whose team
was involved in analysing the coronavirus said on her WeChat on
February 2 that the 2019 novel coronavirus is a punishment by
nature to human’s unsanitary lifestyle. I promise with my life that
the virus has nothing to do with the lab.
Echoing Shi many experts reached by the Global Times also
said that it is impossible that the COVID-19 was made in a lab. The
Wuhan institute has the National Biosafety Laboratory finished its
construction in January 2015 which is Asia’s first Bio-Safety Level 4
Lab (BSL-4). There are less than 20 countries in the world that own
BSL-4 labs. China should have more BSL-4 labs in more cities to
strengthen the country’s capability to study unknown viruses and
enhance its ability to deal with major public health emergencies
Yang added (Global times china, 2020). US President Trump has
said he is going to halt funding to the World Health Organization
(WHO) because it has failed in its basic duty in its response to the
coronavirus outbreak. He accused the UN agency of mismanaging
and covering up the spread of the virus after it emerged in China
and said it must be held accountable (BBC News US and Canada,
2020). Had the WHO done its job to get medical experts into China to
objectively assess the situation on the ground and to call out China’s
lack of transparency the outbreak could have been contained at its
source with very little death he told reporters. This would have
saved thousands of lives and avoided worldwide economic damage. Instead the WHO willingly took China’s assurances to face value
and defended the actions of the Chinese government. The US has by
far the highest number of coronavirus cases and deaths worldwide
with more than 600,000 cases and 26,000 deaths (BBC News US
and Canada, 2020) [11].
Methods
Literature review and then critical analysis of the 23 News Articles and published papers in different Newspapers and scientific journals at the same time. Search for the evidence is provided by carefully selected 8 News Articles which give details that novel corona virus COVID-19 was produced and accidentally leaked by Wuhan research laboratory. A table was developed where 8 News articles was searched and compared for the evidence of leak of novel corona virus COVID-19. The article outlines how to engage in the critiquing process and explains how the literature review needs to be assembled to generate a logical and reasoned debate to examine a topic of interest or research in more detail(Katharina Schmidt, Ines Aumann, Ines Hollander et al, 2015) [12-16]. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching the Pubmed and Web of Science databases for articles with the following keywords in their titles or abstracts “Analytical Hierarchy Process,” “multicriteria decision analysis,” “multiple criteria decision” “stated preference” and “pairwise comparison” [17-21].
In addition, we developed reporting criteria to indicate whether the authors reported important aspects and evaluated the resulting studies’ reporting. The systematic review resulted in 121 articles and the number of studies applying AHP has increased since 2005(Katharina Schmidt, Ines Aumann, Ines Hollander et al, 2015). Nowadays, most nurses pre and post qualification will be required to undertake a literature review at some point. Either as part of a course of study as a key step in the research process or as part of clinical practice development or policy. For student nurses and novice researchers it is often seen as a difficult undertaking. It demands a complex range of skills such as learning how to define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the ability to analyze and synthesize data as well as becoming adept at writing and reporting, often within a limited time scale (Cronin P, Ryan F, Coughlan M, 2008). The purpose of this article is to present a step-by-step guide to facilitate understanding by presenting the critical elements of the literature review process. While reference is made to different types of literature reviews, the focus is on the traditional or narrative review that is undertaken, usually either as an academic assignment or part of the research process. This article examines how to synthesize and critique research literature (Wakefield A, 2015) (Table 1) (Figures 3- 5).
Results
Upon reviewing the 8 News Articles specially to collect the
evidence only two articles provide the picture and documented
evidence that may be accidentally in the Wuhan laboratory the
studied novel corona virus got out of laboratory. Multiple sources
are telling Fox News today that the United States now has high
confidence that while the coronavirus is a naturally occurring
virus it emanated from a virology lab in Wuhan that. Because of
lax safety protocols an intern was infected who later infected her
boyfriend and then went to the wet market in Wuhan where it
then began to spread. (The Straits Times World, 2020). Scientists
have been trying to understand the origin of COVID-19 and the
virus that causes it SARS-CoV2.Originally scientists believed the
virus may have developed in bats, and later pangolins. However,
genomic comparisons suggest that the SARS-Cov-2 virus is the
result of a recombination between two different viruses meaning
the exact origin of the virus is still unclear (The World Economic
Forum, 2020). In the space of a few weeks we have all learned a lot
about COVID-19 and the virus that causes it SARS-CoV-2. But there
have also been a lot of rumours and while the number of scientific
articles on this virus is increasing there are still many grey areas as
to its origins [22-24].
In which animal species did it occur? A bat, a pangolin or
another wild species. Where does it come from? From a cave or a
forest in the Chinese province of Hubei or elsewhere. In December
2019, 27 of the first 41 people hospitalized (66%) passed through
a market located in the heart of Wuhan city in Hubei province.
But according to a study conducted at Wuhan Hospital the very
first human case identified did not frequent this market (The
World Economic Forum, 2020). Defense Secretary Mark Esper
told a reporter on thursday that it appeared the rise of COVID-19
was “natural” and “organic” contradicting some claims that China
may have engineered the virus. However, that does not rule out
the possibility that it could have emerged accidentally from the
laboratory where diseases in bats were being studied a theory US
intelligence agency are now looking into NBC News reported (Arab
news world, 2020).
Discussion
Documents detail early efforts by doctors at the lab and early
efforts at containment. The Wuhan wet market initially identified
as a possible point of origin never sold bats. The sources tell Fox
News that blaming the wet market was an effort by China to deflect
blame from the laboratory along with the country’s propaganda
efforts targeting the US and Italy (Fox KTVU, 2020).US Embassy
officials warned in January 2018 about inadequate safety at the
Wuhan Institute of Virology lab and passed on information about
scientists conducting risky research on coronavirus from bats The
Washington Post reported Tuesday. Americans were originally
helping train the Chinese in a program called prevent well before
the Chinese started working on this virus. The French government
helped the Chinese set up the Wuhan lab. China 100 percent
suppressed data and changed data, samples were destroyed, contaminated areas scrubbed, some early reports erased, and
academic articles stifled (Fox KTVU, 2020) (Figure 6). There is
solid evidence based on genetic analysis from scientists in multiple
countries that the COVID-19 pandemic resulted from a natural spill
over event with the coronavirus most likely jumping from bats
to people perhaps via an intermediate animal species. What we
have less evidence about is where that spill over event happened
(Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, 2020).
While many scientists believe that the coronavirus first infected
humans in nature or through the wildlife trade others think an
accident could have occurred during the course of scientific research
on coronaviruses or the animals that harbor them. Shi’s team from
the Wuhan Institute of Virology didn’t just collect bat viruses
during fieldwork. It also collected blood samples from more than
200 residents in villages close to one of the bat caves they’d been
harvesting viruses from. They found that 3 percent had antibodies
against SARSlike coronaviruses suggesting that nearby villagers
had been infected by the bats despite not displaying SARSlike or
other pneumonia like symptoms. Bats fly out every night over their
houses one of the researchers explained some of them shelter from
rain in caves or collect guano for fertilizer (Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientist, 2020) (Figures 7 & 8). Authorities at the Wuhan CDC
first informed the World Health Organization about an unknown
pneumonialike illness on December 31. They reported that most
of the 41 cases first detected were among handlers and frequent
visitors of the Huanan market which was shut down January 1.
A week later expert at the Wuhan Institute of Virology identified
the new coronavirus and sequenced its genome the disease it
causes was later named COVID-19.Much of the theory about a lab
leak is based on the proximity of those research labs the Wuhan
CDC and the Institute of Virology to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale
Market the wet market previously thought to be the outbreak’s
origin point. That’s because a non-peer-reviewed paper which was
retracted cited the market’s proximity to two labs. The paper’s
author Botao Xiao of the South China University of Technology
previously worked in Wuhan (Business Insider coronavirus, 2020).
Trump and Pompeo said they would investigate reports the Chinese
mishandled the COVID-19 virus and mentioned the possible role of the Wuhan Institute for Virology. Pompeo told Fox Business on
Friday It’s not political and this is about science and epidemiology.
In a national radio interview earlier this week he said we know
they have this lab we know about the wet markets. We know that
the virus itself did originate in Wuhan, so all those things come
together (Arab news world, 2020).
China disputes that the virus could have originated in the Wuhan
lab. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian said Thursday that
the head of the World Health Organization had repeatedly said
there’s no evidence the virus was made in a lab and that many wellknown
medical experts in the world also think that the statement
of so called laboratory leaks is without scientific basis. The Wuhan
virology lab has actively worked with the WHO and other United
Nations bodies said Yuan handing over the genome sequence and
laying the foundation for other countries to prepare testing and
vaccines (MSNBC News corona virus, 2020).
Conclusion
By looking at the results of the data table, data analysis and diagrammatic presentation 25% of the News articles provides some evidence and 75% of the news articles did not provide any evidence. The evidence we are looking at that Wuhan laboratory is clearly responsible for accidentally leaking the novel corona virus COVID-19 in the community.
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