Case Report
Abstract
Background: Blood transfusion is a life-saving intervention, but that can also promote transmission of various infectious and parasitic diseases. To assure safe blood transfusion, all donor are systematically screened for transfusion-transmissible infections including HIV, hepatitis (B and C) and syphilis. However, less attention is paid for other endemic curable infections caused by hemoparasites such as malaria, and that may represent a threat for the safety of blood transfusion. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of transfusion-transmittable infections and hemoparasites in blood donors at the general hospital of Douala, with more emphasis on Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria.
Methodology: Donated blood were first screened for HIV, Hepatitis (B & C) and syphilis infections. After exclusion of HIV, Hepatitis and syphilis infected bloods, the remaining ones were examined for the presence of hemoparasites including Plasmodium and microfilariasis species under light microscopy, after staining thick blood smears with Giemsa solution.
Keywords: Endodontic Treatment; Periapical Periodontitis; Ultrasonography; Fibrous Healing; Histopathology
Abbreviations: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS); Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA); Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); Computer Tomography (CT); Cone-Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT)
Introduction
Among the determining factors of chronical periodontitis is listed bacterial microbiota, especially Gram-negative bacteria that induce bone resorption due to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Gram-positive bacteria that damage the dental pulp and the periapical tissues through the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) [1]. The treatment of apical periodontitis is performed by mechanical instrumentation and thorough irrigation with antimicrobial substances, followed by the sealing of the root canals. Although the endodontic field seems to emerge with more effective substances used for disinfection and mechanical instrumentation to improve the clinical outcome, the residual endotoxins in the root canals lead to relapse or to complications [2]. The complications such as periapical periodontitis is treated by root-end surgery consisting in the removal of the tooth’s apex, followed by retrograde obturation. The association of an oral antibiotic such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin or azithromycin is more efficient in the eradication of the microbial infection compared to large-spectrum antibiotics such as penicillin [3]. Cystic periapical infections are less likely to heal after endodontic treatment due to the fact they are self-sustaining even in the absence of the microbial infection [4].
Complications after endodontic treatment mainly appear as a consequence of forwarding beyond the apex the gutta-percha, root-filling material, or other foreign bodies, such as paper points, amalgam, endomethasone, calcium salts [4]. After establishing the diagnosis of the periapical pathology based on clinical and radiological examination (bidimensional radiographies, tridimensional Computer Tomography- CT, Magnetic Resonance Imaging-MRI or Ultrasonography), the histological examination of the biopsy specimens is useful to exclude a malignancy. Rud & Moller presented a radiographical classification of the periapical tissue after surgery, recommending a minimum of one-year follow-up, ranging from Group 1- complete healing, to Group 4- unsatisfactory healing- failed intervention [5].
Case Report
A 42-year-old male referred two years ago to Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health and Dental Office Management Department, accusing pain at the upper left canine tooth (2.3). Radiographical examination showed an inappropriate endodontic treatment, enlargement of the periapical periodontal space, resorption of periapical cortical bone corresponding to the tooth 2.3. The diagnosis of chronic periodontitis was set and apicoectomy followed by retrograde filling was performed. At one-year follow-up, the patient noticed an excrescence in the maxillary vestibule at the periapical level of tooth 2.3. Clinical examination revealed a 3/4 mm nodular-shaped fibrous structure in the periapical bone cavity post-apicoectomy, extended submucosal in vestibule, 3-5 mm mesial and distal to tooth 2.3. Retroalveolar radiography at 1-year follow-up showed osteoid healing and no evidence of periapical recidiva (Figure1). After clinical and paraclinical investigation, the diagnosis of vestibular fibroma was set. In locoregional anesthesia (Articain 1/100000) the excision of the specimen was performed followed by apicoectomy and apical curettage.
Figure 1: The periapical radiography of upper left canine; 1 year follow-up reveals the osteoid healing (red circle) of the post apicoectomy situs.
The tissue specimen was sent for histopathological examination and the result showed hyalinized connective tissue, lymphoplasmocitary and macrophagic inflammatory permeation, and microhemorrhage. One year after the second intervention, the patient reported swelling and tumescence at the postsurgical situs, accompanied by inflammation of the surrounding tissues. Clinical examination (Figure 2) showed, on the vestibular fixed-mobile mucosa corresponding to tooth 2.3, a reddish pseudotumor mass adherent to the surrounding tissues, extended anteriorly, superiorly and mesially, with no inflammatory associated symptoms.
Figure 2: Clinical examination shows a round-shaped fibrous pseudotumoral mass, with slightly peripheral swelling at the upper left canine.
Cone-Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT) showed a round periapical radiolucency at the apex of tooth 2.3 and the resorption of the afferent buccal bone (Figure 3). Ultrasound investigation was performed using a EUP-O54J hockey stick linear transducer with a 25 mm width scan (frequency 7-13 MHz, Hitachi Noblus, Arrieta). Ultrasound imaging (Figure 4) showed a 6/1.5 mm diameter hypoechogenic structure at the apex of tooth 2.3, with a more intense hypoechogenic extension to the medial and superior maxillary vestibule. Intraoral EcoDoppler ultrasonography (Figure 5) revealed the avascular characteristics of the apical fibrous mass and the blood flow present only on the peripheral area of the fibromatous appearance. Giving the clinical features and ultrasonography investigation, the diagnosis of vestibular fibroma was set. In local anesthesia (Articain 1/100000), the detachment and excision of the fibrous structure from the vestibular mucosa were performed (Figure 6). Due to the structure’s adherences, the periosteum was also removed (Figure7). Curettage of the previous surgery situs and flap suture were carried out (Figure 8). The harvested specimen was sent for histopathological examination and revealed the presence of connective tissue with extensive areas of hyalinization and minimal lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate (scarring changes).
Figure 3: CBCT examination. Coronal (a) and sagittal (b) sections evidence buccal cortical resorption at periapical level of upper left canine and the extension of the resorbtive process along the mesial side of the tooth.
Figure 4: Intraorally ultrasonographic image recorded with a EUP-O54J linear hockey stick transducer (Hitachi) (a - lateral view and b - inferior view, c - intraorally recording approach) showed a 6/1.5 mm diameter hypoechogenic structure (d) at the 2.3 apex level, with extension of hypoechogenicity to the medial and superior maxillary vestibule.
Figure 5: Intraoral EcoDoppler ultrasonography recorded with a EUP-O54J hockey stick linear transducer (Hitachi) demonstrated the avascular characteristic of the apical fibrous structure and its mesial extension.
Figure 6: Intraoperatory image showing apicoectomy situs after the excision of the fibrous structure and curettage.
Figure 7: The excised specimen prepared for histopathological investigation.
Figure 8: The radicular surface of tooth 2.3 showing apex sealing and removal of all pathological tissues (a) and flap suture (b).
Discussion
Literature states that regarding apical periodontitis, the specimens sent to histopathogical examination are mostly granulomatous inflammation (due to foreign bodies), benign central giant-cell granulomas, fibro-osseous dysplasia, odontogenic keratocyst and periapical pathologies caused by infections (actinomycosis, histoplasmosis) [6]. Over the time, more accurate radiological methods such as MRI, CT and CBCT were used to investigate the periapical pathologies, especially cysts and granulomas, [7-9]. These methods are very useful in revealing bone resorption and soft tissue changes. In our case, after the first and second surgical interventions, a fibrous healing of both of the periapical bone and vestibular mucosa of the surgical situs were observed. The ultrasound color Doppler investigation showed no vascularization of the exophytic structure. This might be due to a fibroblastic hyperplasia induced by the healing process itself and the proinflammatory mechanisms involved. In dentistry, ultrasonography has been used to diagnose periapical cysts and granulomas, either as primary pathology or consecutive to endodontic treatment, and the postoperative healing. Ultrasonography has the advantage of providing in a nonionizing manner, the size and nature of the analyzed structures [10-12]. In the presented case, the excised specimen had a larger size in mesiodistal direction compared with the ultrasound measurements, but with a similar shape in frontal section. The mesial extension showed a higher hypoechogenicity compared with the exophytic fibrous structure adjacent to tooth 2.3, which might be due to the dense fibrous hyperplasic and hyalinized structure of the tissue.
Conclusion
Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, nonionizing, painless, repetitive and real-time imaging method that can be used for examinations both the soft and the hard tissues. It could be taken into consideration as a more suitable investigation compared with the current radiological assays, due to the measurement and Doppler functions, which allows the assessment of the vascularization pattern of oral cavity lesions and periapical pathological tissues. This represents an advantage in setting a treatment protocol, foreseeing possible complications and their management. The assessment of ultrasonography is an attractive and useful approach and should be considered to be implemented as an area of expertise in dentistry and oral surgery practice.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, PhD Grant no 3999/01.10.2016, and partially by the COFUND-ERA-HDHL ERANET Project, European and International Cooperation - Subprogram 3.2 - Horizon 2020, PNCDI III Program - Biomarkers for Nutrition and Health – “Innovative technological approaches for validation of salivary AGEs as novel biomarkers in evaluation of risk factors in diet-related diseases”, no 25/1.09.2017.
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