Yu Xie1, Xu Biao Mao1, Lun Li Xie 1, Jian Li 2, Jun Zhu1, Jun Yang2, Biao Ming Huang2, Fa Qin1, Dan Pu1*
Received: April 19, 2018; Published: April 27, 2018;
*Corresponding author: Dan Pu, MSMed, Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Jishou University School of Medicine, China
DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.04.001006
To report the case of a patient with uremia who presented left femoral neck fractures due to osteoporosis caused by renal osteodystrophy. The special patient such as uremia with femoral neck fracture need a criterion for perioperative management and type of surgery.
Keywords: Hip replacement; Uremia; Osteoporosis
Abbreviations: THA: Total Hip Arthroplasty; HHA: Hemiarthroplasty; TSFFN: Trans-Cervical or Sub-Capital Fractures of Femoral Neck; BMD: Bone Mineral Density; LCP: Locking Compression Plates; DCD: Dynamic Collo-Diaphyseal Plate; DHS: Dynamic Hip Screw; PMMA: Polymethylmethacrylate
It is feasible to accept the total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hemiarthroplasty (HHA) for the femoral neck fracture patient [1]. Indeed, this therapeutic method has been also used for the particular patient with the sickle cell, Jehovah’s witness patients [2,3]. However, there are differences of management of perioperative period for uremia compared the above diseases in femoral neck fracture patient [4]. The purpose of this study was to report on 1 uremia patient who accepted the femoral head replacement due to min-trauma causing the left femoral neck fracture. Especially, to describe the Multidisciplinary management of perioperative period and clinical outcomes.
This patient was a 51-year old woman (weight 50kg, height 155cm) who had left femoral neck fracture with uremia (Figures 1 & 2). She has been accepted the regular hemodialysis since diagnosed uremia. There were history of autologous arteriovenous fistulization of left radial artery and vein and nephrogenic osteoporosis. There was no history of allergy to medications or of any previous anesthesia-related problems. Results of cardiopulmonary function were within normal limits. Results of laboratory investigations were within normal limits, with a hemoglobin value of 119g/L, except of the renal function. The CT scans of left hip joint revealed the trans-cervical or sub-capital fractures of femoral neck (TSFFN) and dual energy x-ray proved the low grade bone mineral density (BMD).
Reference to the ERAS for the THA and HHA with the optimal results [5,6], the management strategies for this patient included following items like multidisciplinary consultation and team work, suitable fluid management, effective antibiotics and prophylactic anti-coagulation, reduction renal anemia, regular hemodialysis, suitable analgesia, and early rehabilitation. Indeed, the minor adjustments were performed dependent on the results of routine examinations. Notably, the multidisciplinary consultation and team work consisted of the Department of Nephrology, Department of Hematology, Intensive care unit, Pharmacy Department, Anesthetist, Nurse, and Rehabilitative Physician. The work details of the above specialists were revealed by the following Table 1. The Kocher- Langenbeck approach was use for left hip hemiarthroplasty about 6th days. The regular examinations and appropriate adjustment were performed depending on the test results.
The regular X-ray plain film showed normal prosthetic location, and the fractures around the prosthesis occurred (Figure 3). However, acute pain and malformation of left leg occurred on the postsurgical 6th day. And the radiographic examination showed the left distal femur fracture (Figure 4). After performed the plaster immobilization, the postoperative X-ray observation showed the part of callus formation on the follow up duration of 2 and 4 months (Figures 5 & 6).
It is a consensus that renal osteodystrophy may cause the osteoporosis. Besides, this is one of the causes of morbidity in uremia patients undergoing hematodialysis treatment for their kidney failure. It is easier to occur femoral neck fracture for this special patient than the aging population with osteoporosis [7]. Indeed, it is still lack of the criterion or consensus for the above patient, even if some researchers emphasized that the therapy approaches in respect to the age, initial trauma, life expectancy, and the femoral head salvage of the patient [8]. The strategy of femoral neck fractures for adult with renal osteodystrophy is controversial. Mataliotakis G et al. [9]. provided special assessment and plan of these adults, after they had been reviewed to the published literatures with respect to the young individuals with renal osteodystrophy caused by uremia [9].
This article revealed some treatment options in such poor bone quality conditions, which encompass cannulated screws and locking compression plates (LCP), Knowles pins, dynamic collo-diaphyseal plate (DCD), Hydroxyapatite coated screws, Dynamic hip screw (DHS), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and hemiarthroplasty (HA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA). Moreover, there is a debate whether the preoperative BMD assessed by surgeon or not. However, there is a lower limit for the patient with renal osteodystrophy than the population with osteoporosis. Notably, the importance of BMD was emphasized by the authors in this literature. Even if operative treatment of femoral neck fractures is recommended over conservative management, actually, the type of surgery will be decided dependent on fracture region, patients' age and demands, medical condition of the patients, and ambulation status. In this case, the cemented artificial femoral head replacement was performed on basis of the type of fracture, patient's demands and life expectancy [9].
With ten years follow-up duration, Rajan Madhok reported a 24-year-old woman with chronic renal failure whom accepted the bilateral, cemented bipolar hip arthroplasty [10]. It is critical to provide stable medical conditions in perioperative period with a careful team approach of the Multidisciplinary management which can limit short term complications and mortality. In Karapinar's case report, team work with nephrologist and surgeon were emphasized for the adult with chronic renal failure received hip joint replacement due to bilateral femoral neck fractures [11].
Spontaneous prosthetic femoral fracture occurred in this case. The following possible improvements need to perform the research in the future. Firstly, to increase the size and length of femoral components but avoiding to use the bone cement due to the bio-mechanical property. Some authors and coworkers proved the feasibility of no-cemented hip replacement for patients with renal osteodystrophy [12]. Secondly, there is a possibility for usage of the limb distraction to decrease the risk of fracture on the perioperative duration. In fact, more researches need to be performed to investigate systematic treatment process.
Many limits of this case cannot be ignored. In the future, ERAS and perioperative management for special individual such as uremia patient need to investigate. It is of great importance, especially, to perform the feasibility for the patient with osteoporosis caused by the renal osteodystrophy.